Jazz: Urban and Rural Reactions In the 1920s Essay

Subject Area: Music and American CultureTopic: Jazz: Urban and Rural Reactions in the 1920sIn parallel with the uproar of jazz during the 1920s came the commotion of different critics from various geographical settings. Many of the white people living in rural areas disliked and rejected jazz as a musical genre. However, the urban city-dwellers were more fond of it; therefore, it was more generally accepted and frequently found in city nightclubs and radio stations. Several characteristics of cities also allowed jazz to survive in urban areas over the rural ones, such as: diversity, tolerance, a more progressive attitude, technology (media, radio), more entertainment locations, and a more educated populace. Cities were known for the more relaxed and less-religious atmosphere; in contrast with cities, the rural setting was dominated by a more religious and conservative mood with a homogenous population that was more opposed to the cultural liberalism found in the cities, jazz, and the black society in general. Unlike the rural areas of the time, the socio-cultural dynamic of urban areas, with respect to tolerance, diversity, education, nightlife, and the media, allowed jazz to thrive and become a huge part of American culture. The formation of jazz occurred between the years 1897 and 1917. When jazz bands started playing, they had no way of recording their music until 1917; and even then, the quality of these recordings were atrocious. Another aspect of early jazz was that anything that was played was ever written. Jazz evolved from the blues, ragtime, brass band music, and other musical works that were all around the United States. â€Å"One important factor that existed only in New Orleans, namely, the black Creole subculture† allowed jazz to emanate from the mentioned city (Weinstock). Another aspect of New Orleans that allowed jazz to thrive in this city was the medley of â€Å"ethnic, cultural, and musical conditions [†¦] [and] the necessary philosophical impetus for [j]azz i.e., [†¦] freedom of individual expression supported by group interaction† (Weinstock). This implies that New Orleans was one of the cities, and most likely one of the first, that hosted the new counter-culture that would soon spread throughout the United States. â€Å"The preeminence of New Orleans as a Jazz center came to an end in 1917 during World War I as a result of still another ordinance when Storyville [(an area of New Orleans that was full of dance halls and bordellos where Jazz was the  dominant music)] was closed by the Navy Department† (Weinstock). As a whole, the United States embraced jazz, but there were still many groups of people who disliked jazz and all that it represented. These close minded people, especially those in small-town America, were afraid of the fast changes that were occurring in society and that jazz was the â€Å"cause of [the] loosening [of] morals and frightening dislocations† (Roaring 1). The New York American published an article expressing the views of many conservative, white Americans who thought that â€Å"moral disaster [was] coming to hundreds of young American girls through the pathological, nerve-irritating, sex-exciting music of jazz†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Roaring 2). White audiences in the southern part of the States were ruthless towards black people and their music. The north appeared to be more tolerant, but there were still many confrontations between blacks and whites. Jazz was a part of modernism which helped pave the way for liberals who felt pinned down by the older conservative generations. It also served as a medium for white musicians searching to liberate themselves from the conservative constraints of their time. One can see that the northern part of the states, where cities were mostly located, accepted jazz more easily and quicker. The predominance of racism and general intolerance towards the black culture was another aspect of rural areas that did not allow jazz to thrive. Since jazz was also rejected because of its African American origins, and not only because of the supposed moral decay that it provoked in the youth of America, racism also tied into the calumniation of jazz. This also affected the conservative populace of the suburbs who were afraid their young girls were mesmerized by the â€Å"black music.† Jazz was so closely tied with to African American culture that it was often referred to as being â€Å"the accompaniment of the voodoo dancer† (Roaring 2). By referring to jazz in this manner, critics were trying to degrade and undermine everything that it meant to the black community. They were also trying to lure white Americans into their train of thought and trying to get them agree with their mind mapping accusations. â€Å"Many [†¦] Americans were appalled to see their children dancing to music that was believed to have emerged from [†¦] [the] Negro brothels of the south†(Roaring 2). In addition, a plethora of jazz critics  became famous for voicing their dislike of jazz. But in fact, they hid behind their critiques of jazz in order to express, not the dislike of the music, â€Å"but the social and political dislike of the black population† (Anderson 135). The problem that worried white conservatives the most was interbreeding between black and white young people who were really into jazz mainly because it belonged to the new counter-culture. Jazz served as the highway that joined blacks and whites. Whites were not only racists towards blacks emotionally, but their prejudice expanded to influencing their physical behavior as well. Many times did the racist, anti-jazz white population try to sully jazz to something much dirtier than it truly was. Since jazz came from the black population, who were once slaves, jazz was not socially accepted as a real musical genre. It often occurred that jazz musicians were characterized as viruses that tried to infect the general population through their music. Jazz was labeled Mumbo-Jumbo (meaning non-sense) by many critics, and by this discounting jazz as any kind of music where talent is needed. It seemed like the white trend was being against jazz and it’s black producer. According to an article in the September 1918 issue of the Current Opinion: â€Å"One touch of [j]azz makes savages of us all† (Anderson 138). The goal of white critics was to undermine black music and culture. Hate towards jazz and jazz musicians in general came to such extremes as to where they were threatened through magazine articles. These articles suggested lynching, kidnappings, and murders, among others, to scare the black population. Even though that by the 1920s and early 1930s jazz had gained an international reputation and was already part of the American culture, the â€Å"racial innuendoes in articles on jazz continued† (Anderson 141). The white population continuously tried to limit jazz’s growth, by letting the jazz musicians know that their music was not welcome through critical and controversial magazine and newspaper articles. The main goal of the critics who published articles dehumanizing blacks and bashing jazz was to disenfranchise the jazz industry and to label blacks as savages who wanted to recruit more and more people to their music. â€Å"[M]usic soothes the savage beast, but we never stopped to consider that an entirely  different type of music might invoke savage instincts†(Anderson 141-42). With this, Anderson is trying to imply that blacks are savages and those who listen to jazz will turn into savages as well. By the latter part of 1924, jazz had gained many white musicians and had also grown in popularity among the white crowd. The white population came to believe that notion that â€Å"[†¦] when white people play jazz, it is jazz music, but when black people play jazz, it is jungle noise† (Anderson 144). So, in order to accept this, many critics came to the conclusion that white and black jazz were different and that white jazz was pleasing while black jazz tried to make music but only succeeded in producing noise. Critics played a huge role in dehumanizing jazz and the black population. During the late 1920s to early 1930s, Jazz became so big that it came to shape and represent the new American culture of the cities and the people of this time. â€Å"Jazz music [†¦] became a symbol for all the modern innovations that traditionalists despised[:] the new leisure, city life, Freud, and other elements of the 1920s cultural modernism†(Peretti 2). Peretti is implying that jazz became a huge part of America in a way that it helped shape the culture to what it is today. In fact, it became such a big influence, that during the 1930s white jazz musicians tried to get all the credit for jazz and succeeded in many places. Audiences would consider many white performers (i.e. Benny Goodman) symbolic to jazz. However, in big cities like Chicago, blacks were credited with the invention of jazz and their seemed to be more cooperation between black and white musicians. Chicago was one of the main destinations for black musicians who moved from rural to urban areas of the country in order to play and promote their music. It is speculated that white musicians only exploited jazz because of the commercial gain and the huge public attention that it had. It is also believed by some that they played the music in parody: in order to mock the black musicians and jazz. In many places, whites tried to take all the spotlight for inventing jazz while whites in other locations stepped out and let the black culture shine. The big cities of America were famous for their animated and wide ranging nightlife that allowed jazz to be heard by a manifold of people. Many clubs  around the states opened their doors to jazz and jazz musicians from various ethnicities, though mainly white and black. Jazz nightlife reached its peak in Harlem, New York during the 1920s. This era was also known as the Harlem Renaissance. During this time one of the most eminent clubs in that area was the Cotton Club. The elite would frequently congregate at this location which was famous for having alcohol, during the age of prohibition, and because of its jazz. Although jazz and black jazz musicians were welcomed and most of the time the protagonists on the stage, they were not allowed to be part of the regular crowd or mingle with the white throng; admission to the Cotton Club was strictly limited to whites. This was an example of how the white population discriminated the black people but embraced their music and part of their culture. American cities, like New Orleans, New York, and Chicago, were the birthplaces of jazz and allowed jazz to spread throughout the other states. Another northern city that was also affected by the ‘big bang’ of jazz music and its culture was Chicago. This was also a scene where prohibition loomed and nightclubs defied it. Big jazz bands were many times features in lavish shows put on in cabarets. Many Chicago residents turned to these destinations in search of a fun night. For many city-dwellers, joining the jazz scene was a way of protesting against prohibition. â€Å"Biting and incisive, jazz personified this protest, this direct, raw approach to life, which offended the â€Å"solid† citizen and was looked upon as sinful by puppeteers and preachers and as cheap and tawdry by small-minded classicists†(Dexter 34). Chicago was not only the scene of protest against prohibition, but also the place where many young musicians moved to with a goal to start and succeed at their own musical careers. Many prospered, but many more did not; Chicago became such a hotbed for jazz, that there were too many musicians trying to spread their sounds. One of the places where musicians could go to listen and talk to other musicians was the Three Deuces (later known as the Off-Beat Club). It was a â€Å"convenient and cheap place to meet and jam between jobs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dexter 38). When jazz was on the verge of expansion, numerous small clubs appeared in many cities were jazz musicians could congregate and listen to different songs and interpretations. The invention of the â€Å"talkie†, an early form of the jukebox, had a great impact on the spread of jazz. At first, many musicians had no idea how the talkie could revolutionize the music scene. At this time, the only way to listen to music was to presence it live. The talkie allowed for a raunchy reproduction of several tunes, which became the perfect tool for the spread of the popularity of jazz. These talkies were soon spotted and nightclubs, diners, bars, and other locations, for their customers to listen to jazz (or any form of music) freely. The talkie sparked a new interest for jazz, which later led to the dispersion of many musicians from Chicago who moved on to accept jobs in other cities (especially New York). The invention of the talkie gave people from all around the country access to jazz anytime they pleased. Jazz owes all its fame, glory, and expansion to the great cities of the 1920’s America. Full of diverse people, vast places for entertainment, the radio and a more educated populace that yielded more tolerance to new ideas and forms of expression, cities opened their doors to jazz and all that this new music represented. They were responsible in allowing for the formation of jazz to what it is today; embedded in the American culture, jazz has become the only true American form of music. Though often challenged by close-mindedness, jazz managed to prosper. Jazz has not only maintained its original form through the interpretation of some talented musicians but it has also evolved to influence the popular music of today. Works Cited Anderson, Maureen. â€Å"White Reception of Jazz in America.† African American Review. 8.1 135-145 (Spring 2004). Dexter Jr., Dave. The Jazz Story: from the ’90s to the ’60s. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Peretti, Burton W. Jazz in American Culture. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997. Peretti, Burton W. The Creation of Jazz: Music, Race, and Culture in Urban America. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. â€Å"Roaring Twenties – History in the Key of Jazz.† PBS – Jazz: A Film by Ken Burns. 7 September 2004. Weinstock, Len. â€Å"The Origins of Jazz.† The Red Hot Jazz Archive. 29 January 2005.

Mintzbergs Model on Organisational Structures

Mintzbergs Model on Organisational Structures The Five Parts This note summarises the key features of Henri Mintzbergs theory on the structuring of organisations, which he presented in his book The Structuring of Organisations and Structure in 5's: Designing Effective Organizations in the early 1980s. According to Mintzberg organisations are formed of five main parts: Operating core Those who perform the basic work related directly to the production of products and services Strategic apexCharged with ensuring that the organisation serve its mission in an effective way, and also that it serve the needs of those people who control or otherwise have power over the organisation Middle-line managers Form a chain joining the strategic apex to the operating core by the use of delegated formal authority Technostructure The analysts who serve the organisation by affecting the work of others. They may design it, plan it, change it, or train the people who do it, but they do not do it themselve s Support staffComposed of specialised units that exist to provide support to the organisation outside the operating work flow Pressures Each of these five parts has a tendency to pull the organisation in a particular direction favourable to them * Strategic Apexes – centralisation * Support Staff – collaboration * Technostructures – standardisation * Operating Core – professionalisation * Middle Line – balkanisation Five Generic Structures There are five generic organisation structures which can be described in terms of the five-part theory: * Simple structure, Machine bureaucracy, * Professional bureaucracy, * Divisionalised form, * Adhocracy. Simple Structure The simple structure, typically, has * little or no technostructure, few support staffers, * a loose division of labour, minimal differentiation among its units, and a small managerial hierarchy. * The behaviour of simple structure is not formalised and planning, training, and liaison devic es are minimally used in such structures. Coordination in the simple structure is controlled largely by direct supervision.Especially, power over all important decisions tends to be centralized in the hands of the chief executive officer. Thus, the strategic apex emerges as the key part of the structure. Indeed, the structure often consists of little more than a one-person strategic apex and an organic operating core Most organizations pass through the simple structure in their formative years. The environments of the simple structures are usually simple and dynamic.A simple environment can be comprehended by a single individual, and so enables decision making to be controlled by that individual. A dynamic environment means organic structure: Because its future state cannot be predicted, the organization cannot effect coordination by standardization Machine Bureaucracy The design of a machine bureaucracy tends to be as follows: * highly specialised, routine operating tasks; * very f ormalised procedures in the operating core; a proliferation of rules, regulations, ; formalised communication; * large-sized units at the operating level; * reliance on the functional basis for grouping tasks; * relatively centralised power for decision making; * an elaborate administrative structure with sharp distinctions between line and staff. Because the machine bureaucracy depends primarily on the standardization of its operating work processes for coordination, the technostructure emerges as the key part of the structure Machine bureaucratic work is found, in environments that are simple and stable.Machine bureaucracy is not common in complex and dynamic environments because the work of complex environments can not be rationalized into simple tasks and the processes of dynamic environments can not be predicted, made repetitive, and standardized The machine bureaucracies are typically found in the mature organizations, large enough to have the volume of operating work needed f or repetition and standardization, and old enough to have been able to settle on the standards they wish to use The managers at the strategic apex of these organizations are mainly concerned with the fine-tuning of their bureaucratic machines.Machine bureaucracy type structures are â€Å"performance organizations† not â€Å"problem solving† ones. Professional Bureaucracy The professional bureaucracy relies for coordination on: * the standardization of skills and its associated parameters such as design, training and indoctrination. * In professional bureaucracy type structures duly trained and indoctrinated specialists -professionals- are hired for the operating core, and then considerable control over their work is given to them. Most of the necessary coordination between the operating professionals is handled by the standardization of skills and knowledge – especially by what they have learned to expect from their colleagues. Whereas the machine bureaucracy ge nerates its own standards the standards of the professional bureaucracy originate largely outside its own structure (especially in the self-governing association its operators join with their colleagues from other professional bureaucracies). The professional bureaucracy emphasizes authority of a professional nature or in other words â€Å"the power of expertise†.The strategies of the professional bureaucracy are mainly developed by the individual professionals within the organization as well as of the professional associations on the outside. Divisionalised Form Divisionalised form type organizations are composed of semi-autonomous units – the divisions. The divisionalised form is probably a structural derivative of a Machine Bureaucracy – an operational solution to co-ordinate and controls a large conglomerate delivering: 1. Horizontally diversified products or services 2. In a straight-forward, stable environment 3. Where large economies of scale need not app ly.If large economies of scale were possible the costs and benefits of divisionalisation would need careful examination. The modern, large holding company or conglomerate typically has this form Like the Professional Bureaucracy, the Divisional Form is not so much an integrated organization as a set of quasi-autonomous entities coupled together by a central administrative structure. But whereas those â€Å"loosely coupled† entities   in the Professional Bureaucracy are individuals—professionals in the operating core—in the Divisionalised Form they are units in the middle line.These units are generally called divisions, and the central administration, the headquarters The Divisionalised Form differs from the other four structural configurations in one important respect. It is not a complete structure from the strategic apex to the operating core, but rather a structure superimposed on others. That is, each division has its own structure. Most important, the Div isionalised Form relies on the market basis for grouping units at the top of the middle line. Divisions are created according to markets served and they are then given control over the operating functions required to serve these markets.Adhocracy Adhocracy includes a highly organic structure, with: * little formalization of behaviour; * job specialization based on formal training; * a tendency to group the specialists in functional units for housekeeping purposes but to deploy them in small, market-based project teams to do their work; * a reliance on liaison devices to encourage mutual adjustment, the key coordinating mechanism, within and between these teams The innovative organization cannot rely on any form of standardization for coordination.Consequently, the adhocracy might be considered as the most suitable structure for innovative organizations which hire and give power to experts – professionals whose knowledge and skills have been highly developed in training progra ms. Managers (such as functional managers, integrating managers, project managers etc. ) abound in the adhocracy type structures. Project managers are particularly numerous, since the project teams must be small to encourage mutual adjustment among their members, and each team needs a designated leader, a â€Å"manager. Managers are also functioning members of project teams, with special responsibility to effect coordination between them. To the extent that direct supervision and formal authority diminish in importance, the distinction between line and staff disappears. Structure/strategy fit Pan American airlines A mismatch between strategy and structure can lead to serious organisational difficulties. This was the case with Pan Am Airlines. An error in strategy In the late 1970s, the international airline Pan Am, decided to adopt a new strategy in order to capture some of the American domestic market.The company felt that if its foreign-bound American travellers could do business with Pan Am for the entirety of their trip, the airline could become and industry giant. In 1978, therefore, Pan Am purchased National Airlines, which had one of America’s best domestic route systems. The acquisition proved to be a poor strategic move. Just as the purchase was made, the entire domestic airline industry in the US was deregulated. With deregulation, Pan Am could have constructed its own domestic route system with the resources it had.Instead, it acquired a very expensive domestic route system and domestic carrier that quickly became unprofitable under Pan Am management because of a serious structural error. Structural error Pan Am decided to roll National and Pan Am into one airline, still trading as Pan Am. This is most closely associated with developing a functional organisational design. National’s regular customers were thereby disenfranchised and customer loyalty to the National ‘brand’ was lost. A name such as Pan Am National Airlines would have been more useful to the organisation.Philip Morris, for example, used a much more appropriate and savvy approach when it bought Kraft and General Foods: it kept both names, Kraft General Foods. It did not drop the names and call itself Philip Morris Foods, which had no pre-existing market association. Combining the two airlines, rather than keeping them separate under a divisional structure, resulted in the loss of the lower-cost workers of National. Under the new, uniform structure, the former National employees were paid higher wages. While this may have appealed to the employees, it was an error on the part of Pan Am management.This error was especially evident after deregulation, which brought about low-cost airlines that could profitably offer travellers cheap fares. With its higher cost, Pan Am was being beaten by its old and new competitors. A sounder management structure would have been to match Pan Am to its new strategy by the divisional structure, leaving the two airlines as separate divisions of the same organisation. The effects of strategy and structure errors Because of the strategic and structural errors Pan Am was losing money. In order to survive, the airline began selling its assets. In 1980, it sold its Pan Am building in New York.In 1981, it sold its company hotel chain. During the same decade, it sold many of its DC-10 aircraft to American Airlines. When airline transport boomed again, Pan Am was left with no capacity to take advantage of the increase in air traffic. The struggling airline even sold its prized Pacific routes, a move that many experts say was one of Pan Am’s management’s greatest mistakes. The airline’s survival became doubtful. Pan Am began looking for a partner in hopes of prospering again. Management and labour problems In the midst of strategic and structural problems, management and labour came into conflict. In 1981, C.Edward Acker, who had built tiny Air Florida into a nationally kno wn carrier, became chairman of Pan Am. He got off to a good start with the union, with some employees even wearing buttons proclaiming themselves as ‘Acker Backers’. But the relationship did not last long. In 1985, the Transport Workers Union struck Pan Am, costing it any possible profits that year. By the late 1980s, Pan Am’s unions were calling for Acker’s replacement. In 1988, Acker and four other corporate officers lost their jobs. William Genoese, director of the Teamsters’ airline division, explained that the company’s problem was that management didn’t realise that he airline was 20 years behind the times. Management was not in the marketplace merchandising or being more competitive. The problem continued under the next Chairman. Eventually, time ran out for the carrier. The airline filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy on January 8, 1990 and went out of business on December 4, 1991. Required: Summarise the key strategic issues and th e link to structure. 3. By way of conclusion, identify and explain the changing approaches to organisational design and structure. Your answer must include an analysis of the reasons for these changes. Use examples either real or hypothetical to clarify your answer.

Abraham Lincoln’s Views on the System of Enslavement and His Connection to the Civil War in the U.S

Abraham Lincoln’s Views on the System of Enslavement and His Connection to the Civil War in the U.S Lincoln’s Beliefs and the Civil War The election of Lincoln was the main cause of the Civil War because Lincolns platform of not letting slavery expand westward threatened the South’s political rights. However, some might argue that the Dred Scott Decision was the main cause of the Civil War because it disregarded the Missouri Compromise and fueled the abolitionist movement. When Lincoln ran for president in 1860, he ran as the representative for the Republican party, which meant he believed in what the Republican party platform stood for. Although Lincoln never once said that he would abolish slavery, the South saw their tenth amendment as being jeopardized simply because he believed slavery was morally wrong. The final straw that contributed to the war was the secession of several Southern states, each state stated clearly in their declaration of secession that their primary reason for leaving was the president’s open denunciation of slavery. The tensions between the North and South had been rising for a while, mainly surrounding the conflicting views on slavery and whether or not it should be able to expand westward. All the tension finally came to a point when Lincoln was up for election and being openly against slavery. The South feared that he would abolish slavery and take away their slaves, which would be detrimental to the Southern economy. Upon the election, the Southern states began to secede, one by one from the Union and used Lincoln as their reason. As Lincoln ran as a Republican in the 1860 election, he carried the Republican party platform with him that openly denounced Democratic principles, which created worry among the Southern states. In article ten of the platform, the Republican party points out the Democratic ideas of non-intervention and popular sovereignty in relation to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. . They go on to to call the bill a â€Å"demonstration of the deception and fraud involved therein† (Republican party platform 1860). The Democrats and Southerners saw this as the Republicans calling bluff on their threats to secede from the Union, giving them even more reason to leave. Once Lincoln was elected, the South became scared that not only would he try to change the Kansas-Nebraska act but abolish slavery as well. The platform goes on to openly condemn slavery in the U.S. territories explaining that â€Å" the new dogma that the Constitution, of its own force, carries slavery into any or all of the territori es of the United States, is a dangerous political heresy †¦Ã¢â‚¬  and calling it â€Å"subversive of the peace and harmony of the country† (Republican party platform 1860). The Republicans considered slavery to be harmful to the country’s peace, as if they were acknowledging the potential for war. Essentially, they wanted to show that they are refusing to accept the Kansas-Nebraska act. The Southern states considered their tenth amendment to be at risk because the thought Lincoln would try to abolish slavery. Slavery was, to some extent, considered to be protected under the tenth amendment of the U.S. Constitution, stating that â€Å"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, not prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people† (U.S. Constitution). The State’s rights clause was a way for some states to preserve laws that the federal government could potentially deem unconstitutional. A large majority of the North believed Slavery was something the federal government should rule on because it was becoming such a large issue. However, the Southern states used the tenth amendment to argue that the individual states should decide for themselves whether or not slavery should be allowed within their borders as it would affect each state differently. For example, the Southern economy depended h eavily on plantations and slaves, but the Northern, factory-based economy would suffer less impact if slavery were to be abolished. Although Lincoln repeatedly insisted he would not abolish slavery, the South considered the fact that he did not want it to spread Westward as a precursor to abolition. Charles Sumner, an abolitionist from Massachusetts, strongly believed that the Civil War was brought on by this controversy over State’s Rights and Slavery. â€Å"Therefore, there are two apparent rudiments to this war. One is Slavery and the other is State Rights. But the latter is only a cover for the former. If slavery were out of the way there would be no trouble from State Rights† (The Barbarism of Slavery). Although Sumner was an abolitionist, the dispute over how much power the tenth amendment gave the states and if slavery was included in that power. The Southern states did not get defensive when it came to their rights until Lincoln and the Republican party threate ned them from their point of view with the platform of not allowing slavery to expand Westward. Some might argue that the Dred Scott Decision was the main cause of the Civil War because it disregarded the Missouri Compromise and fueled the abolitionist movement. The final ruling on the Scott v Sanford case was essentially that slaves were considered to be property of their owners regardless of where in the U.S. they were. Many Southerners argued that their use of slaves was protected by the fifth amendment, which states that men will not â€Å" be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation† (U.S. Constitution). This amendment also averted any possible laws that the federal government could put in place to take away slaves from their owners. However, the decision didn’t abide by the rules of the Missouri Compromise because Dred Scott had been taken to territory where slavery was prohibited according to the compromise (Brinkley 356). The Supreme Court justice justi fied their ruling by declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional as they believe that the power that Congress had was limited to the extent that it could not get new territory and set up a government system within that territory. This decision made people in the U.S. uneasy because Chief Justice Roger Taney believed that the federal government had no power in this situation and had no right to act on this decision (Brinkley 359). While the ruling showed the bias of the Supreme Court, it also fueled the abolitionist movement. The movement rested on the simple truth that all men are created equal and that includes slaves as well. The South frequently feared that the slaves would revolt and overpower the slaveholders, something some abolitionists attempted to kick start, like John Brown. These events, started by the Dred Scott Decision, could arguably be the main cause of the war because the decision brought together Northern abolitionists and led them to begin to fight harder f or what they believed in. While the Dred Scott Decision may have been one of the causes of the Civil War, it was not the main cause because in the secession declarations of several Southern states, they ultimately blamed Lincoln. Several of the secession declarations of the Southern states had the same reason for seceding from the Union, which was Lincoln. Specifically, in South Carolina’s declaration, they said â€Å"all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery† (South Carolina Declaration of Secession). This statement is directly blaming the election of Lincoln for South Carolina’s secession from the Union. They continue to explain that the mere fact that Lincoln believes slavery is morally wrong will eventually lead to the â€Å"extinction† of slavery. Another common Lincoln-related reason for seceding from the Union was because common association be tween the North and abolitionism. â€Å"For twenty years past the abolitionists and their allies in the Northern States have been engaged in constant efforts to subvert our institutions and to excite insurrection and servile war among us† (Georgia Declaration of Secession). The South believes the coming war and tension surrounding slavery had been building for twenty years. They consider the North to be trying to undermine the South’s institution of slavery by trying to create laws that limit the power of Southern states. Considering the newly elected president Lincoln was blatantly against slavery was enough for the Southern states to secede from the Union. In essence, when Lincoln was elected in 1860, his platform upset the Southerners because he did not want slavery to expand westward, making Lincoln’s election the main cause of the war. However, it is arguable that the Dred Scott Decision was the main cause because it declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and led to a rallying point for the abolitionist movement. The Republican party platform of 1860 added to the tensions, that had existed for years before, surrounding slavery and the platform supported views of not allowing slavery to expand that the South did not agree with. In their point of view, their tenth amendment was at risk because Lincoln was opposed to slavery, even though he never acted on this opposition. While the Dred Scott Decision was a potential main cause of the war because it greatly affected the abolitionist movement, the secession statements from the Southern states directly blamed Lincoln for their secession. Collectively, Lincoln’s b eliefs on slavery and his opposition to it expanding Westward was the main cause of the Civil War.

Funds Management and Portfolio Selection Assignment

Funds Management and Portfolio Selection - Assignment Example FMG has regression level of 2.1, which implies that an increase in the market returns by one percent will result to an increase in its overall returns by 2.1%. A positive regression between market and assets, according correlation and data theory, results to assets’ returns moving away those of the market. Consequently, higher regression levels imply greater impacts from the market. The performance of FMG can be associated to its huge weight in all ordinary market, since it is a company associated with mining, processing, as well as transportation of iron ore within the region of Pilbara, Western Australia. Being an iron ore exporting company all over the world, an improvement in the global economy is likely to result increases in the level of consumption, which will affect positively on the prices of FMG and index (Brailsford, Heaney & Chris, 2011). In addition, this effect is also likely to affect AXA in a similar manner, since it is also one of the companies with notable regression. AXA is the top most wealth management company in Australia and New Zealand with capital management as its integral objective. Its steady improvement is the overall performance in the Australian stock market can be closely associated with the company’s strong capital position. Comparing to other industries, mining industry is the biggest market in Australian, and it takes a huge shape in stock market. This is a reason behind FMG’s higher regress than other companies. Next, these companies set up to ten difference portfolios and the beta decrease with the portfolio extending (Sutton, 2009). When extra stock is added in each portfolio, the level of Beta reduces from 0.5 to 0.1. As a general measure of stock’s systematic risk, Beta is defined as the quantity of systematic risk present in a certain asset respective of the risky asset. A beta level below 1.0 show a stock with lower amount of systematic risk compared to the market, the reverse is true. The results

Assignment Production Possibility Curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment Production Possibility Curve - Essay Example This provision made it possible for the Homo sapiens to discover new activities such as hunting and gathering to cater for their basic needs. This also allowed for opportunities to develop speech in communicating. In contrast, the Neanderthals were set back by the fast growth rates (Clive, 80). U.S. and Dutch economists attribute the unlocking of trading experiences of the modern humans as a consequence for the extinction of the Neanderthals. An advantage to the modern man was the slow developmental cycles of the brain that enabled him to adapt favorably to the environment. The Neanderthals’ slow development slowed their advantages of engaging in activities such as hunting and gathering to cater for their needs as well as trading with other Neanderthals. Specialization was only an advantage to the humans and this method was not applicable to their cousins (Jon

Beethoven's Symphony and Popular Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Beethoven's Symphony and Popular Music - Essay Example Beethoven’s Symphony and Popular music are ancient art that remain popular to date. On the one hand, Symphony is classical music in Europe. Since his period, when the music assumed substantial popularity as generally polished and the best living artist, the Beethoven's composition has continued to be the most listened to, talked about and reviewed genres. Beethoven is largely classified among the highly significant Western composers, with his music being the most commonly recorded across the society. His stylistic discoveries include two accomplishments. First, they elevated the Classical style to its top most expressive degree, deepening in official, configuration and harmonic notes to the musical expression created by forerunners such as Haydn and Mozart. Moreover, they proved enormously powerful over the melodic language and philosophy of the Romantic period, whether they served to enhance direct encouragement, or in regard to establishing a musical presentation of the arti st’s language. On the other hand, popular music encompasses any of several of musical genres having profound popularity and is essentially distributed to the mainstream audiences of all segments via the melodic industry. Notably, what popular genre stands for and represents is different from Beethoven’s music; the latter being essentially differentiated scholarly or verbally to less significant, domestic audiences (Scruton 42). Even though popular music infrequently is recognized as ‘pop music,’ both expressions are different. For instance, popular music entails a generic expression for melodies of all generations that is preferred by large proportions of people, while pop music is normally confined to a particular musical genre (Scruton 42-45). Beethoven’s Symphony Beethoven championed two significant cultures through his target of the larger bands. That continued until the early twentieth century, and championed the focus of the tunes downwards during performance, to t he lower keys, cellos, and violas enabling his music to involve a heavy and dark sensation (Goehr 66-68). In general, Beethoven’s Symphony is different from those of the ancient music in term of the establishment of large, longer architectonic designs typified by the remarkable improvement of musical resource, agendas, and motifs, normally by modulation initiatives; that is, an alteration in the sensation of the home key, via several harmonic tunes or notes. Beethoven's work championed his capacity to swiftly set up firmness in juxtaposing various keys and startling notes to accompany them. Notably, this stretched harmonic realm establishes a feeling of a tremendous musical and empirical touch, which dictates the rhythm of the music and the growth of musical resource, a clear establishment of some kind of unfolding art in this pause. Goehr (67) indicates Beethoven made immense contributions which further set up some kind of a blend of the various philosophies and cultural iss ues in several attempts to move with the discovery of the messages carried in his the music. The ‘germ motive,’ which involves an inspiration, was summoned to establish motives and agendas throughout the whole art, albeit in a benign manner. Therefore, all the themes of the ancient age were associated with several motives in the music. An ancient and popular illustration of this is Beethoven’s sonata 'Pathetique', in which all of the themes employed in the initial movement arose from a simple notion borrowed from its introductory bar. Correspondingly, the introductory notes of his Eighth Symphony played a significant role, as it forms the basis of motives employed throughout the entire symphony (Stanley 1). It is notable that this art contributes to the unification of an effort or an array of works; as a number of motives employed by Beethoven uniquely characterized works. He managed to execute this devoid of repeating material precisely or employing canonic touc h. In view of this, Beethoven’

English writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English writing - Essay Example Based on the poor treatment that Catherine receives from her husband, she opts to use her beauty and wits to her advantage and also finds lovers for herself. Her plot is that of seizing power once the ruler of the time, Empress Elizabeth dies and Catherine forms secret alliances in preparation for this. At first opportunity, Catherine succeeds in taking the crown and she takes charge of the kingdom as he rules instead of her husband. Her quest is that of conquering more territories as a way of expanding the Russian kingdom, which was one of the visions that Empress Elizabeth had sought to achieve. Catherine faces the challenges of war and conspiracies that seek to undermine her role, but she manoeuvres by using all the power she has in order for her rule and control to survive. All this comes at a cost as she has to contend with being unhappy, which is the cost of being at the helm of a significant kingdom. Her past is overshadowed as she started as a pawn and rises to become the wife of the Duke and the Empress of the Russian kingdom making her to be more powerful. Her kingdom becomes modernized through her efforts and wits in which it grows to be an expansive and civilized one (Moss 267). In the end, the film title explains how Czar ended up becoming Catherine the Great as portrayed in the

Prison life and strategies to decrease recidivism upon an inmate's Research Paper

Prison life and strategies to decrease recidivism upon an inmate's release from prison - Research Paper Example Such person who has propensity of committing crimes after release from prison is a recidivist. Different jurisdictions have different laws, definitions and coverage on what recidivism should be but they are more or less similar. Since prisoner rehabilitation is part of the program of reforming the convict, the government has to devise strategies in order to avert recidivism among ex-prisoners. Correctional officers and staff though must function according to the goals of reducing recidivism. Tewksbury and Demichele (2003) said that prison personnel generally view that the correctional process is more on â€Å"incapacitation, deterrence and retribution† (p. 4). Implementers should revisit the support given to the program since it generally varies at according to time and place (Tewksbury & Demichele, 2003). It was posited that such variation may be attributed to the substantially fast turnover rate of 20 to 50 percent, which means that many are new to the job, or that the priso n system are hiring lesser personnel (Tewksbury & Demichele, 2003). ... With the ballooning recidivism, it was suggested to better leave out abstract values in mission statements and instead focus more on end-goals of the operation. This paper will show that socially and humanitarian based interventions in the prison system will lessen the propensity of a released prisoner toward recidivism. Medical Care One of the concerns that a person encounters upon entering prison is the lack of freedom to seek the health care provider one desires. The condition inside prison cells, such as congested spaces, limited movement, mixture of cultures, etc. might have a toll upon the mental and physical health of an inmate. Thus, adequate health service must be provided inside the prison so that the health of the prisoner can be adequately managed. The Bureau of Prisons provide four levels of medical care to which inmates are assigned by the Designation and Sentence Computation Center (DSCC) based on the information gathered from the investigation report (Ellis, 2008). Up on arrival at the facility, the provisional care for the inmate is reviewed by the prison clinicians (Ellis, 2008). Non-provisional care is assigned depending on the needs of the inmate, which takes into consideration the ability to function without assistance from another (Ellis, 2008). Provision of medical care to inmates also varies depending sentence or status of the case. Thus, inmates whose sentence has not been read, those with sentence below 12 months, or pre-trial inmates are not eligible to â€Å"medically appropriate-not always necessary† health service, â€Å"limited medical value,† as well as â€Å"extraordinary† service (Ellis, 2008, p. 44). Some categories of illnesses such as cancer, HIV, diabetes, etc. may also

What is meant by the 'Star System' illustrate the workings of the Essay

What is meant by the 'Star System' illustrate the workings of the system by analysing the image of one star from the period 1930-1960 - Essay Example The star system created and promoted film stars by creating personas for them. In the process new names and backgrounds were created. Cary Grant, Joan Crawford and Rock Hudson were film stars who were created by the Hollywood star system. The system expected men to be gentlemen and women to wear stylish clothes when leaving the house. There were special clauses within the actors’ contracts which called for strict moral regulations to be adhered to (de Cordova, 52, 2000). The star’s public image was fiercely guarded by the Hollywood executives. Any scandals or incidents that damaged the star’s image were covered up. Sham dates were introduced for actors who were homosexual. Actors and actresses were matched together in order to create a public image of a romantic couple. Money was given to witnesses to hide incidents of drugs, adultery, drinking and divorce. Some tabloid papers were on the Hollywood payroll which exclusively reported on the stars to update their public image. Celebrity scandals were hushed up by giving money to tabloid papers and journals (Walker, 57, 1970). During the initial years of the film industry, actors and actresses were reluctant to perform in films. They felt embarrassment in working for movies. The film industry was considered at the level of carnivals and freak shows. Only silent movies were considered to be acceptable. Producers also feared that by working for films actors would gain more fame and prestige. Thomas Edison’s Motion Picture Patents Company forced companies to follow their rules and equipment during the design of films. The Motion Picture Patents Company did not promote stars. The star system eventually arose from the public desire to know the names of the actors. Film audiences gave their own nicknames to performers in movies they liked (McDonald, 77, 2000). Star promotion was first done by Carl Laemmle when he acquired Lawrence from Biograph. He promoted the star by spreading rumors of her being killed in

Obesity in children-long term effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity in children-long term effects - Essay Example tioned earlier, the effects of obesity are dichotomized into â€Å"immediate† and â€Å"Long-term† effects therefore, the prime focus of this prose is to assess both the long-term and immediate effects of obesity that will be discussed one by one in the following text. Obesity exposes the child to higher risk of suffering from a cardiovascular disease and are also more susceptible to prediabetes; a condition characterized by high blood-glucose level that may develop into diabetes in later parts of their lives. (Kiess, et.al. 2004) Children suffering from obesity often experience chronic pain in their limbs, back and joints because of relatively high weight than their heights and age. Obesity also exposes the child to social and psychological repercussions that causes the child to feel socially stigmatized and have lower self-esteem. On the other hand, researches have also discovered that individuals who suffer from obesity in their childhood are likely to suffer from it in their adulthood. Therefore, the individuals are exposed to all the health risk factors outlined earlier and obesity is also associated with many types of cancer. (CDC, 2011) High fat level in the body exposes the individual to cancer of the breast, colon, cervix, gall bladder, kidney and thyroid. The stress on the joints and bones can cause significant amount of distress to the individual and it also leads to respiratory problems and sleep apnea the latter is associated with high blood pressure. The additional weight adds pressure on the chest wall and lungs that causes the child to have trouble breathing resulting in troubled sleep during the night and sleepiness during the day. Due to fatigue and joint pain the individual is unable to partake in physically challenging activities and may lead to even more fat deposition in the child. (CDC, 2011) It is evident that obesity affects every individual regardless of age however, in children the problems may be more pronounced because the child

Horse Salughter Essay Example for Free

Horse Salughter Essay The U. S. horse slaughter ban has had a huge impact on the equine industry. Attention Getter and Preview: To slaughter or not to slaughter, has been a controversial question for years in the American equine industry. On September 7 2006, congress passed the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act, abolishing horse slaughtering in the United States. The U. S. horse slaughter ban has had a huge impact on the equine industry. Originally designed to stamp out cruelty that the horses in the industry were enduring, it is now a question of whether it only caused more harm. Also where to put the surplus of horses and the impact they have other equine is raising concern. Transition: To understand how it has made such a huge impact, it’s best to first understand why it was put into action. Body MP 1: The main reason this act was established is pretty clear in its name, horse slaughter prevention. a. According to the Humane Society of the United States, â€Å"[the act] was designed to stop the slaughter of nearly 100,000 American horses annually in three foreign-owned slaughter plants in the United States† (Drummond 2006). . The reason they wanted to stop the slaughter was to stop the cruelty horses experience in this industry. a. When a horse was sent to be slaughter it was sometimes a path of cruelty. Horses would be shoved onto a trailer, often times way past capacity so the driver could get more money. They would travel long distances unable to move and were withheld from water. Often times they were beaten and forced to live with untreat ed wounds, in unsanitary conditions. Uncover investigation led people to realize what was actually happening in the industry. Transition: Now this isn’t a problem, there is no more slaughtering in the US. But it means more live horses to tend to, ultimately leading to the biggest impacts this ban has on the equine industry. MP 2: Where the surplus of horses will go is the biggest impact. a. â€Å"The AAEP estimates an additional 2700 rescue facilities would be needed in the first year of the ban to care for the thousands of surplus horses† (AVMA Jan 15). That would mean that each of the 50 states would have to build 54 facilities. Audience Adaption: In Illinois that would mean roughly one for every two counties. With the price of feed and hay going up drastically due to droughts and ethanol production are these organizations really going to be feasible? Not only is that the question but is it humane to force some of these animals live? Take a totally blind horse for example, would it be humane to force it to live, how will it be able to find food and water? b. According to the American Veterinary Medicine Association, â€Å"The costs of euthanasia and environmentally safe carcass disposal can run as much as $400 and may be more than some owners are willing to pay† (AVMA Jan 15). Before this act the owner could actually make a few hundred dollars by selling the animal to a processer. Now some owners just abandon the animals or simply let them starve to death. c. Expert Opinion: An equine enthusiasts and an opponent to this act states, â€Å"That being able to process the animal would put value back in the economy, set people to work and provide an export product† (Yates 2008). According to American Veterinary Association, â€Å"In 2005, U. S. horse meat exports were estimated at 18,000 tons with a value of 61 million dollars† (AVMA Oct 15). These points aren’t the only financial negative to this act. d. With thousands upon thousands of surplus horses the price of the stock itself is dropping. Ranchers and horse raisers aren’t able to get the money that their horses are worth because potential horse buyers have so many other options. Transition: But don’t worry equine enthusiasts haven’t let the ban stop them. MP 3: Ranchers and equine breeders have found a way around the ban and have decided to export the horses out of the country to Mexico or Canada. . According to Scott Yates of Capital Press, â€Å"With the last three slaughter plants in the U. S. forced to close, horses are now being exported to Mexico and Canada to the tune of about 90,000 head in 2007. That is a 312 percent increase compared to the previous year† (Yates 2008). b. Okay so you might say good, we are still able to get rid of the unwanted horses in an economic way and no horses are being slaughtered with cruelty in t he United States. While this is true, it has been proven that slaughtering facilities in Mexico are much more cruel than their American counterparts. c. Expert Opinion: According to the American veterinary medicine association, â€Å"especially troubling is the treatment of the horses once they cross the border into Mexico. The Humane Society of the United States released a video showing the brutal stabbing death of a fully conscious horse at a Mexican slaughter facility† (AVMA Jan 15). d. So are we truly stopping the cruelty to horses? Sure we may feel better that it isn’t happening on our own soil but we are still the ones sending them off to their uncertain fate. e. This point has recently become an issue. a. Mike Stuckey of MSNBC news reported on September 24, 2008, â€Å"The emotional debate over slaughtering horses for human consumption gained new life in Washington this week as a House committee approved a measure that would ban the practice nationwide and halt the export of U. S. horses destined for dinner tables in other countries† (Stuckey 2008). b. If this law is passed that would mean that no horses would be slaughtered and no horses could be exported for the use of food, which will lead to an even larger increase in the number of horses in America. Conclusion Review: The U. S. horse slaughter ban has had a huge impact on the equine industry. I wasn’t here today to sway you one way or another on the ban. I just wanted to inform you of some of the consequences and impacts it has on the equine industry. We learned that it was put into place to stop the cruel slaughtering of horses on American soil. Then we found out that the problem hasn’t really been solved, horses are experiencing more cruelty than ever with longer rides and harsher deaths once they reach their final stop in a foreign land. There is also the issue of a huge surplus of horses that need care and are affecting the quality stock being raised across the country. Final Comment: Now that you understand the ban and its impacts. I leave you with this final thought. To slaughter or not to slaughter? That is the question!

Huntingtons’s Concept and Its Applicability to the Contemporary World Essay Example for Free

Huntingtons’s Concept and Its Applicability to the Contemporary World Essay Introduction Globalization and the trend in the politics has entered a new political schema after the World War II and as such, it is has drawn the interest of political theorists who had hoped to re-define and predict the future outcomes of global politics. Among the different approaches, what had really attracted the attention of the media and the interested crowd is Huntington’s concept on the Clash of Civilizations theory. Huntington’s stereotypical claims and predictions regarding future outcomes of global relations had uncannily matched with that of the drastic event of the Al-Qaeda’s attack on September 11 on the Twin Towers. The event, which had caught global attention,   is said to have been a direct pop-out from Huntington’s essay and that ‘event’ was resultant of the ‘clash’ between the differing cultures of the American superpower and the Muslims of Afghanistan. The ethnic conflict, albeit on global scale, would be the political pattern after the Cold War. The question is, is Huntington’s concept still applicable with the current trend of globalization? Here there is a basic assumption that conflicts arise from ethnic differences and it is on these differences which will feed the upcoming antagonism between the different nations. Al-Qaeda’s attack may have been likely ‘accidental’ and that his reasons were not purely ‘ethnic’ as in Huntington’s theory. In the paper, there is an attempt to investigate the flaws of Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations when placed in the larger context of globalization and international conflict. A thorough understanding of his paper first must be placated followed by criticisms and the more apt model that would fit the current trend for global political system. s The Clash of Civilizations is a theory proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in 1993 as a reaction to Fukuyama’s book. Herein, Huntington expanded on the shift of global patterns after the Cold War from the economic to traditional; whereby conflicts are more of culture clash. The globalization trend would function in the traditional cultural sense and will no longer be confounded on ideological clashes as in the philosophcal claims before. Huntington’s thesis is relatively simple to understand in the manner that he had oversimplified and reduced everything: â€Å"†¦It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . His basic premise is the culture clash as a primary source of conflict and he divided the Globe into different ethnic groups representing the different civilizations, each embodying different religion: African, Hindu, Western, Sinic, Orthodox, Islamic, Latin America and Japanese. From these different ethnic frontiers, will arise the future conflicts and he had cited the cases of India and Pakistan. What is most daunting of his perceptions is that the Superpower of America will face a decline and the shift will be on the combined powers of Sino-Islamic group. Equally daunting is Huntington’s concept that what had fueled this antagonism is the purposive role of teology in the different civilizations, most particularly, that of the Islams.

Brief Analysis Of Gender Differences

Brief Analysis Of Gender Differences The language is the way in which people express their thoughts or ideas and is a media for people to communicate with one anther, which has the profound function in the social life. Owing to the differences of their genders, social status, backgrounds, living habits and their values, the languages used by different individuals in the society vary from each other. Among them, the gender differences of languages exist in almost every language of different cultures, thus becoming the eternal topic of language research. Based on the famous American television sitcomFriends ,this paper tries to tries to anatomize the phenomena and causes of gender differences reflected in language by comparing the language features in Friends. Key words: gender differences, language In April 1944 New York University in the United States, the Language and Gender was put into a comprehensive discussion as the central issue by the 44th annual International Language Institute Committee. This fully shows that linguists in modern society regard the Gender differences reflected in language as one of the important indispensable element in sociolinguistic studies. With the development of social linguistics and driving of feminism, the research on gender differences in language has entered the golden age. Gender differences reflected in language shows the differences of peoples cultural traditions, thinking modes and values, researches on this issue have practical significances on the construction of a harmonious, successful language communication between men and women. Firstly, the gender differences of language reflect in the pronunciations. Social linguists think that women compared with the men of same ages are closer to the standard style and have more elegant accents so as to make them look like more educated, and enjoy higher social levels. For instance, the pronunciation of the vowel r is a kind of typical expression of gender differences in pronunciation. In American English, the pronunciation of the vowel r is the symbol of people who have higher education and higher social status, and is the tag of the upper class. Comparing the pronunciations of the heroes and heroines in Friends, we can found that Phoebe, Monica and Rachel tend to use rigorous, elegant and standard pronunciations. However, Chandler and Joey tend to omit or replace one or more syllables, especially the th sound. For words like Thank and Thing ,women tend to have a correct and standard fricative sound ¼Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’while men like Chandler and Joey tend t o have the blasting sound  ¼Ã‚ »t ¼Ã‚ ½. Furthermore, the gender differences of language reflect in the intonations. In language ¼Ã…’intonation refers to the variation of tone when people speak. As for the same words, phrases, and sentences, the differences of the intonations will finally cause the totally widely different expressions. Through the researches on th corpus, the social linguists have fund that women are more likely to use doubtful intonations to show their hesitations, requisitions, and uncertainties ¼Ã…’besides they may have changeable fluctuations. This is a kind of reflection their backwardness, sympathy and psychological characteristics which shows euphemism, kind and tender of women. On the contrary, men are more likely to use falling tone or flat tone to show their firmness and certainty. Besides, their intonations are stable and invariable which shows mens aggression, decisiveness and authority. For example, when people are been asked ,When is he coming back?orWhen does the store open ?.Women would likely give the answer like oh ¼Ã…’à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦around six oclock?with rising ton, while men may give an answer like thishalf past sixin the falling tone with affirmative meanings . Generally speaking, men and women usually stress the different words of the same sentences. For instance, the sentence I wish youd do it. When men are speaking, they highest tone must be put on the most important word do. Women, on the contrary, will reverse the stress. They will read the most important word do in the lowest tone. The reason why women do so is that they want to put out the hint: Although this is very important, yet they dont want to interpose the listener, and it is up to the listener to make a decision. This fully shows the gentle personality of women. In Friends, we can see many examples like this. In the television sitcom, the frequency of the heroines use doubtful intonations is far higher than men, which just suits their female temperament. Men and women also differ from one another in the choice and use of the vocabulary. In general ¼Ã…’The vocabulary of women are much richer and more changeful than men, appropriately showing their delicate feelings. For example, women often use words like super, fantastic, marvelous, splendid and empty these adjectives to express their great excitement and satisfaction, men will only use some simple words like good, well, etc on the contrary. Womens sensitive also urge them to have a closer observation of the colorful world than men do. Thus making them master a sight of color terms and pay attention to the use of these words. Take the color red for example, women may choose to use peach, blossom, pink, plum, crimson, and salmon pink. Men may seldom use or even know about these words only if they often make paintings, decorations, or to do other things which are closely connected with color terms. In the daily life, in order to express their feelings, women often use some adverbs like so, very, quite, much to emphasize the things so as to strengthen the tone. However, words like so, very, quite, much is lengthy and jumbled for men because that their existences will have nothing to with the meanings of the whole sentences. Besides, words like adorable, charming, divine, sweet, lovely, etc are said to be the typical characteristics of women. In friends, the heroines often use vocabulary stressing on the dress on dressing, clothing, chores, children and friendship these little things, while men prefer to use vocabulary involving the sports, politics, economy, culture and also education, etc. As for the use of adorable, charming, divine, sweet, lovely, etc these words, the frequency for women to use these vague words is almost three times as much as mens. Certainly, the difference of language use between men and women also reflects in many places, for example, in syntactic structures. In order to shoe the fully respect to others, women talk in a polite way. They prefer to use isnt it, arent we or dont you in a sentence to offer suggestions, while men would like to use statements to directly express their opinions, commands or requirements, etc. In brief, there are many factors that cause gender differences in language such as personality, culture backgrounds, social experiences and so on, which summarized as the following three aspects. Generally speaking, the physiological factor comes first. According to the modern science research, scientists have found some credible evidence that can explain the difference between men and women in the physiological aspect which finally determines the gender differences in language. The research report shows that men and women tend to use different parts of their brains to learn the language which naturally causes the different use of language. Mens and womens different vocal organs also lead to a significant gender differences in language. Men have a big throat, long vocal cords and the vibration for men is slow, therefore the voice of male is apparently low and vigorous. On the contrary, women have a much higher intonation and tone than men do. What comes secondly is the cultural and psychological factor. Almost in every country of different cultures, people have different criteria for the mens and womens behaviors. Women are asked to speak like a lady, to be more specific, to have accurate pronunciation and gentle voice, while the vulgar language of men is often accepted by all. Finally, men and women develop into totally different dictions. Lastly, the social factor is also the key that cause the gender difference in the use of language. In peoples eyes, women are subordinated to the men and enjoy a quite low social position in society. To this point, men and women play different gender roles in their daily life which finally leads to the lack of confidence of women. Obviously, the reason why womens language style is different from mens is closely related to the traditional social values. Gender differences have been in language use for a long time. And many researches have shown that language, gender, and society are closely connected with each other. Thus, in a nutshell, the development of the research on the gender differences in language will finally disclose the more detailed difference between men and women speakers and truly it is of great value in cross-gender communication.

Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe

Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe The theme of "man’s relationship to God and the universe" presented in Epistle 1 of Alexander Pope’s "An Essay on Man" complements Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe is an inconsistent character who turns to God whenever he is in need, yet fails to maintain respect for nature and for his fellow man. In the first year of Robinson Crusoe’s solitary life on the island, he falls ill and has a terrifying dream that alters his awareness of his place in the universe and God’s control of it. This experience leads him to contemplate his past ingratitude and to embark on a life of piety, reading the Bible daily, though without a drastic or permanent change in his character. Throughout his adventures in the novel, Crusoe has moments of awareness and appreciation of God, yet each moment of faith fades as he regains control over his situation. The ideals presented in the last three sections of Epistle 1 — that life exists in a "chain of being" and is interdependent, that the spirit of God exists in all things, and that man should accept existence as good — speak directly to the understanding that Crusoe comes to as a result of his illness and the life he leads throughout the novel. Crusoe wakes up from the nightmare that he has during his illness and realizes that surviving each of his adventures has been in the hands of God, and that he has been ungrateful and unaware of this power. Section 8 of Epistle 1 in the "Essay on Man" states that all things in the chain of being are interdependent and that man in his pride should not strive to break this order. Robinson Crusoe is a very independent character and has traveled for eight years without "having the least sens... ...rly in his life, he claims Friday as a servant rather than a companion; and he is as materialistic after he is marooned on the island as he was before this misfortune. Pope and Crusoe both feel that God is in control of what happens in life and of what they understand of their experiences, although Crusoe does not maintain an awareness of God unless he is, or has recently been, in danger or in need. The relationship with God, nature, and fellow man that Pope describes in his essay powerfully articulates the weakness, pride, and independence that Crusoe grapples with throughout his narration. Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Ed. Michael Shinagel. Norton: New York, 1975. Pope, Alexander. "An Essay on Man." in Eighteenth-Century English Literature. Eds. Geoffrey Tillotson, Paul Fussell, Jr. and Marshall Waingrow. New York: Harcourt, 1969. 635-51. Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Man and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe The theme of "man’s relationship to God and the universe" presented in Epistle 1 of Alexander Pope’s "An Essay on Man" complements Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe is an inconsistent character who turns to God whenever he is in need, yet fails to maintain respect for nature and for his fellow man. In the first year of Robinson Crusoe’s solitary life on the island, he falls ill and has a terrifying dream that alters his awareness of his place in the universe and God’s control of it. This experience leads him to contemplate his past ingratitude and to embark on a life of piety, reading the Bible daily, though without a drastic or permanent change in his character. Throughout his adventures in the novel, Crusoe has moments of awareness and appreciation of God, yet each moment of faith fades as he regains control over his situation. The ideals presented in the last three sections of Epistle 1 — that life exists in a "chain of being" and is interdependent, that the spirit of God exists in all things, and that man should accept existence as good — speak directly to the understanding that Crusoe comes to as a result of his illness and the life he leads throughout the novel. Crusoe wakes up from the nightmare that he has during his illness and realizes that surviving each of his adventures has been in the hands of God, and that he has been ungrateful and unaware of this power. Section 8 of Epistle 1 in the "Essay on Man" states that all things in the chain of being are interdependent and that man in his pride should not strive to break this order. Robinson Crusoe is a very independent character and has traveled for eight years without "having the least sens... ...rly in his life, he claims Friday as a servant rather than a companion; and he is as materialistic after he is marooned on the island as he was before this misfortune. Pope and Crusoe both feel that God is in control of what happens in life and of what they understand of their experiences, although Crusoe does not maintain an awareness of God unless he is, or has recently been, in danger or in need. The relationship with God, nature, and fellow man that Pope describes in his essay powerfully articulates the weakness, pride, and independence that Crusoe grapples with throughout his narration. Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Ed. Michael Shinagel. Norton: New York, 1975. Pope, Alexander. "An Essay on Man." in Eighteenth-Century English Literature. Eds. Geoffrey Tillotson, Paul Fussell, Jr. and Marshall Waingrow. New York: Harcourt, 1969. 635-51.

Acting Black and Acting White in Racist America :: Racism Race Essays

Acting Black and Acting White in Racist America Several years ago, four New York City police officers were acquitted after their trial for the murder of an African immigrant. Bill Bradley is quoted in Newsweek (March 6, 2000): "I think that it shows that when racial profiling seeps so deeply into somebody's mind, a wallet in the hand of a white man looks like a wallet, but a wallet in the hand of a black man looks like a gun." My nephew, David, who is African American, is beginning to expereince teasing about doing well in school and "acting white." He will end up, as have his mother and our other two African American siblings, learning to act black in certain situations and white in others. People live in quite similar and yet vastly different Umwelten. In this reflexive paper I intend to explore for myself some ideas about the Umwelten of inner city, lower SES African American families (I taught in inner city Washington, D.C.) and white American suburban middle class families. Different Umwelten can lead to vastly different ways of thinking about what it means to be successful in life and, thus, how parents raise and what they desire for their children. The conversation my sister and I were having did not end with thoughts about David and his hardships in school. We discussed reasons children would tease other children for valuing schooling, and what the teasing says about parents' and culture's educational beliefs. My sister decided that she could not imagine any parents who would not want their child to get an education and, if they had the opportunity, to go to college. (Implied in this sentence is, of course, the assumption that every person has the opportunity to go get that "education.") I was aghast. Aren't we both liberal people brought up together in the same liberal household? Yet my sister seems to have some limiting views that I do not share (at least not consciously). First, "education" means graduating from high school and the opportunity to go on to college. Second, every parent would want and value this education for their children. Third, this would mean that the opportunity for this education was available to all children and their parents know it. Here I saw a glimpse through a slice of the rhizome that is my sister's mind, where her interpretants for the signs of "opportunity" and "education" are different from mine, and where they lead to different connections than these interpretants do for me. Acting Black and Acting White in Racist America :: Racism Race Essays Acting Black and Acting White in Racist America Several years ago, four New York City police officers were acquitted after their trial for the murder of an African immigrant. Bill Bradley is quoted in Newsweek (March 6, 2000): "I think that it shows that when racial profiling seeps so deeply into somebody's mind, a wallet in the hand of a white man looks like a wallet, but a wallet in the hand of a black man looks like a gun." My nephew, David, who is African American, is beginning to expereince teasing about doing well in school and "acting white." He will end up, as have his mother and our other two African American siblings, learning to act black in certain situations and white in others. People live in quite similar and yet vastly different Umwelten. In this reflexive paper I intend to explore for myself some ideas about the Umwelten of inner city, lower SES African American families (I taught in inner city Washington, D.C.) and white American suburban middle class families. Different Umwelten can lead to vastly different ways of thinking about what it means to be successful in life and, thus, how parents raise and what they desire for their children. The conversation my sister and I were having did not end with thoughts about David and his hardships in school. We discussed reasons children would tease other children for valuing schooling, and what the teasing says about parents' and culture's educational beliefs. My sister decided that she could not imagine any parents who would not want their child to get an education and, if they had the opportunity, to go to college. (Implied in this sentence is, of course, the assumption that every person has the opportunity to go get that "education.") I was aghast. Aren't we both liberal people brought up together in the same liberal household? Yet my sister seems to have some limiting views that I do not share (at least not consciously). First, "education" means graduating from high school and the opportunity to go on to college. Second, every parent would want and value this education for their children. Third, this would mean that the opportunity for this education was available to all children and their parents know it. Here I saw a glimpse through a slice of the rhizome that is my sister's mind, where her interpretants for the signs of "opportunity" and "education" are different from mine, and where they lead to different connections than these interpretants do for me.

Critical Lens Essay :: essays papers

Critical Lens Essay Whenever someone performs a task, he/she can labor over it carefully, or do a rushed job. A student writing an essay describing the causes of the American Revolution, or a president proposing ways to end World War II illustrate two situations where both simple and complicated ways to address a problem exist. Writing a non-analytical response to the essay question would be easy to do. Likewise, dropping atomic bombs over cities, razing them and eliminating many people would not be entirely morally correct. H.L. Mencken^s assertion that ^for every problem there is one solution which is simple, neat, and wrong^ is excellent for assessing the literary elements in two works: Fences by August Wilson and Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson. Fences is filled with difficulties between characters, and many of these were not reconciled in a proper manner. One problem involved Cory, a high school student and his father, Troy. Cory, an accomplished football player wanted to focus on his team and play in college. However, his father was against Cory^s goals, insisting he prioritize his work and house chores over the football. Ordinarily, there is nothing wrong with a parent making major decisions for his/her children, but in this case, Troy^s solution to the problem was simply to go behind Cory^s back and revoke his membership on the team. Going behind one^s back is an easy way out of resolving a problem^the person was plainly too indolent to spend the time to find a more mutually acceptable solution. Troy^s demeanor is unacceptable not only with Cory, but also with other characters in the book. For example, when Lyons asks him for a small amount of money, Troy creates a big scene, detailing problems he had had in the past with getting credit, such as paying for furniture through ten-dollar monthly installments. It is clear that Troy is rather selfish, for he tries to keep what little amount of money he has for himself. In Snow Falling on Cedars, readers observe different types of problems. While those in Fences tend to be between two people, those in Guterson^s book usually involve a large group of people, often the entire town of San Piedro. The principal question throughout the novel centers around who killed Carl Heine. The entire town seems to show prejudice against Kabuo, primarily because he is Japanese. This prejudice is obvious even in affairs unrelated to Kabuo^s trial. In a descriptive paragraph about life in San Piedro, readers learn that Japanese workers at the Port Jefferson mill were

Action and Communication Plan final for Choice Point

Security of data Data accuracy – to prevent information getting into the wrong hands Install security cameras – to mitigate data error Thorough lay verify new customer applications all, website, background, bank account and reference, and visit Shift focus of data gathering strategies to accuracy rather than number of entries. Randomly check the data and if it is incorrect set penalty to data providers Document the incidents as evidence Appoint liaison to lamentation Refuse to sell â€Å"sensitive† information (USN, Drivers license number, etc. To small business and Pl. And to big business that has no proven cause to use such information. Privacy – to prevent intrusion of privacy Policy of immediate notification to consumer when personal information was compromised Set up legal team specifically working with gal authorities to keep the company in the loop and so the company knows early what is coming and plan to handle.Corporate Action Plan – to mit igate future possibility of incidents Set up a crisis/risk management team to assess possible crises and key indicators, set guidelines and handbooks, crisis plan, training (on a regular basis and with everyone involved), simulations, and design suspicion report and incident report Re-assess the rules of business conduct (as above) and announce so that every stakeholder can follow increase employee awareness & alarm system Establish complaints division – to review inaccuracies, correctSet up center to handle internal communication and standards Provide public with accurate information about the leak/breach of data & ensuring all Issue a corporation wide memo via email creating awareness about the situation tools/resources associated with it are locked down from further use Allow individuals affected to request change or corrections of data via website or calling complaints department Provide mandatory training & scenario planning regularly.

Alberti on Renaissance Painting and Technique

This essay will deal with the skilful and metaphysical aspects of Albertis famous 1435 beak, On Painting, particularizedally, the paragraphs in Book II 25-34. What is solid about this woof is that it summarizes many of the skillful and metaphysical principles that have come to restrain the renaissance, especially the command of Plato and the rule of ricochet.Hence, this endurance is not merely a involvement of painting technique, plainly a outline of the basic ontology of metempsychosis thinking as it pertains to painting and sculpture, as Alberti considers these as consanguineal arts. The citations will be based on the paragraph number rather than the page.The professed come out of this section is to justify the honor and rightfulness of the painter as an artist. But of course, it is ut close to more(prenominal) than that. Alberti depicts the painter almost as a sorcerer or sorts, psyche who can make what is not present, present. The stamp of re- origination, or even co- presentation is a profound element of the scientific revolution that the Renaissance both foreshadowed and participated in.For Alberti, the painter can, in a sense, bring the dead back to spiritedness (25). The painter does, on a tied(p) basis, what the alchemist tries and struggles to bring about, to have a dominance over creation, to master it and force it to strain to the artists will. This is the real connection between Albertis work here and the scientific and alchemical ideology of the Renaissance (Caron, 1961 35-37).Alberti continues to contrast the painters art to the alchemists, holding that a painted jewel or piece of gold, because it is chasteally rendered, is actually worth more than the actual stone or forward metal. This is a challenge to alchemy, having been reborn during the Renaissance. alchemy sought to manipulate matter for the rice beer of wealth and power. But the painter does this on a regular basis, and is financially more successful than t he alchemist (25).Therefore, painting is mans way of re-creating the already extant creation of God. It is the application of the human mind to what already exists, and in a sense, the artist becomes the creator, or more accurately, the architect of creation using what already exists to create something new, to take creation and raise it to a new level of understanding. If one can understand creation, indeed one can control it the quit is money and glory (26, explicitly mentioned in 28 as the foal of the artist, which of course, is the comparable goal as the alchemist).Alberti makes the intriguing allege that the arts of painting and sculpture essential at the same time as morality (27). He does not rectify on this claim, but the remainder of the selection under examination here tycoon give us come clues.In paragraph 30, three specific steps of artistic technique and developed, though eventual(prenominal)ly, only the graduation exercise two really matter, that of circums pection and that of composition. The third, distort or the reception of light is not treated in this selection. But this is not merely a adept manual, but a strong summary of the ontology of Alberti and the Florentine Renaissance. This ontology might help us dish the question that Alberti poses concerning the identical development of religion and painting.Specifically, there are three steps in re-creating the object under examination. First, and the most important, is the concept of circumspection. This is the most important because it is a reference to Platos plays, or the ultimate grounding of all objects that exist. A Form is the true being of an object, outside of station and time, which is the essence of the object to be painted.It is this Form that the painter must understand, however incompletely, though the mind of the artist, since a Form cannot be seen with the senses. Only the intellect can sail through the Form. In a more technical sense, the Form that can be sens ed by the artist is the outline of the object. bingle first needs to eliminate what is specific about an object and reach its form.

Certificate and Diploma in Child Care and Education

?What do the qualifications cover? These qualifications unionize you to work unsupervised or in a supervisory capacity with children and their families in a variety of settings. These could include nurseries, childrens centres, home-based child care pre-schools or schools. Who are they suitable for? Anyone wanting to work with Children and unexampled batch. What are the entry requirements? You will need to be least 16 years old. CACHE does non set any other entry requirements that colleges or training providers may engage their birth guidelines.How are they assessed? They will be assessed by your teach and CACHE. You will need to distinguish scripted assignments for the honour and a short answer test and written assignments for the present. For the Diploma, assessment is the same as for the grant and Certificate plus additional written assignments, assessment of your mathematical process in the workplace and a research task. ?Do you need to be working to take the qualif ications? No, notwithstanding you will be required to spend about time in different practical placements to complete the Diploma.How long do they take to complete? You shtup usually complete the Diploma in 2 years. The Award and Certificate can be unblemished in less time. What related qualifications can you feeler to? The Level 5 Diploma in leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young Peoples Services (England) (QCF) or a degree. UCAS information The following points are available for this qualification Award 10 to 30 points Certificate 35 to one hundred ten points Diploma 120 to 360 points To work out your UCAS grades, we have a handy calculator to help you.

Effective Classroom Management Essay

whatsoever channelize principles in schoolroom each(prenominal) oversight and their implications to teaching. match to crowd H. Stronge in his sacred scripture Qualities of hard-hitting Teachers, slightly directive principles in divisionroom way be the adjacent Consistent, proactive keep in line is the crux of strong schoolroom management. at heart the schoolroom, we could forever and a day previse approximately corrective problems, and some instructor could instanter wield the say problems. sooner of formulating fast c be for for the behavioural problems, the instructor should cerebrate on how to maintain these predicaments to occur. As lots(prenominal) as possible, lets head off dilemmas beca engross its withal ludicrous for us to emit over spilled milk. show r push throughines for solely mundane tasks and subscribe tos. To exclude ruction internal the classroom, the instructor moldiness ascertain routines from the lolly of the c lass, up to the class dismissal. This could similarly servicing a handle in salve lots eon and childbed because their engage is already in routine. engineer suave alterations and tenacity of impulsion end-to-end the day. As much(prenominal) as possible, the instructor moldiness cancel mute moments inner(a) the classroom to trigger the students to constantly net income watchfulness to the speaker. The instructor essentialiness plot silver-tongued transitions of activities intimate and away(p) the classroom passim the day. murder a poise vicissitude and contend in students activities in the classroom. there should be a depart of activities at bottom the classroom to reduce the students and level the teacher from cosmos bored.As classroom manager, be alive(predicate) of all actions and activities in the classroom. take down if the teacher is non around, she is let off liable for the students. That is why she must(prenominal) manage the thi ngs that are hap at heart the classroom and what her students are up to. decide pincer inadvertence and col forwards they became major time outs. Disruptions be to be naval division in both classroom and in both lesson. No depend how outsize or bittie the collar is, it could close up construct so much doubt not save to the teacher, moreover inaugural to the students.That is why, if the disruption is legato fitlable, the teacher must gauge to dispense with it forrader it becomes overly new-fangled for her to check out the situation, and worse, it could gravel the in all transition of the lesson within the classroom. reinforce incontrovertible behavior. To make a motion the students to perpetually do the honourable and correct thing, the teacher should eer stomach even the wide-eyedst attentiveness in her students actions oddly to the appreciating ones. get over chela disturbances calmly.If a easy insurrection of the interpretive progra m could control the simple problem, thence do it. in that respects no need for you to be psychoneurotic and over-react on something thats in force(p) chthonian control. transaction out a carnal constitution of chairs that facilitates an synergistic teaching-learning process. approximately teachers change lay army quarterly. This is to enkindle interactions amidst the teachers and students. be in effect(p) use of every instructional moment. asperse learn time to maximize instructional time.

Gm 591 final course project Essay

Walgreens is one of the prob office euchre companies and among the prompt harvest-tide sellers in the coun campaign. Walgreens as of April 30 operated 8307 view in tot e actu tout ensembley exsert(predicate)y told 50 everyeges including the fix of Columbia, Puerto anti-racketeering law and Guam. This overwhelms 7855 dose draw ins, 146 much(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) than a socio-economic class ago, including 21 farm animals acquired e genuinelyplace the knocked divulge(p)last 12 months. The society correspondingwise operates infusion and respiratory strain facilities, strong suit pharmaceutics and escape run facilities. They unwarrantedly harbour a event shell come send haleness governance adjuvant which manages much than 700 in- investment firm well-off aid clinics and take formsite wellness and wellness displaceters.This enquiry is establish on the employment set more or less the troupe on h ow administrator conclusion prep ar in the ships fri annihilateship has ca utilise a contradict involve and bulgecast wareivity site among employees ascribable to their s summitping acid to halt having m poph hired hand (ESI) as their thirdly gear troupe provider. The guide of this look into is to govern how collective last has wedge employee police squad spirit and so im tweetionanting in superior-pitched employee disorder. Which as a establish guide to several(prenominal) questions arising as to how to drive with the evidence leger massacre, which ar as the fol bases? 1) How do we pose up for the ESI breathing out?2) How do we pass the employee by boosting their esprit de corps by and bywards(prenominal) victorious drastic measures (Job elimi people, simplification in hours, total kick in cut) to seduce up for the alienated meshwork? 3) How has incorporate conclusiveness impacted the esprit de corps of employee produc tivity and individualised ingathering? Walgreens has of all time provided dangerous guest service, solely changes in the emulous environment and in consumer way and expectations meet ca physical exercised them to join on their focus. Walgreens legation is to bring home the bacon the paddy wagon and pockets of their clients by providing that shriek meet and charm relieve oneself from node appreciations.As a coach with the ac companionship, my grapheme is to hold up the scheme by focalization on the out reap to consume an out cornerstoneing client stupefy by intensify employee booking by load-bearing(a) actions that soak up up stakes call up the run by dint of and through sex to exceptional takes for all habitudeers. Also, to athletic supporter all squad particles suck up an extraordinary customer manage by hearing and acting out customers expectations for the assist and in leadgerion they indispensableness to receive.occupation directionWith the horrific festering and probability to expand, Walgreens was kick by unenviable measure due to a proposed rejection by articulate script (ESI) a study chemists shop third ships company provider. This decisiveness led to assorted changes deep down the scheme called Rewiring reaping and national transformation. Walgreens took a stand and flip a kindling finality not to singularity the 2012 beseech with ESI. The consequence of this conclusiveness was a disjointed in the chemists shop gross taxation enhancement with project hail totalling intimately sextet one thousand thousands dollars deserving of commerce garbled to their competitors. (Walgreens hold the line company letter writer on ESI mass murder) barely though, the company suasion they do the decently terminations on behalf of their customers, tolerants and employees by not agreeing to the proposed legal injury and pact by the ESI, they do a long s looseness of the bowels beca affair the can buoy line of the self-coloured whacking is that we befuddled totally. The shape up of directors and crystalise executives wint accept they atomic number 18 wrong, they didnt phone they im fictitious character regress and aft(prenominal) ESI told them what they want and Walgreens was relieve insistence that demands be met. They feeling ESI was bluffing and later on celestial latitude thirty-first 2011, they vagabondped Walgreens from their cyberspace operate. writings analyzeA lit reappraisal was conducted to order how modify Walgreens from the ESI mesh has ca pulmonary tuberculosisd a major coyness on the opener, patients, and employees. each(prenominal) party used dissimilar dodge to keep their patients in their web. Walgreens began put pressage out boost consumers to blabber to their redress devices nigh excluding them from the net income and for Medicare members to make up plans that arent run by f an d so on record books. Walgreens overly gave out a booklet to the highest degree what happens when you pull up them from the interlock.It goes as follows mention assertion Excluding Walgreens from a drugstore communicate for find result in smaller to no nest egg for around sponsors and patients, and in rough cases depart repeal be, piece of music causation fundamental patient col and risking opens in care, and change magnitude administrative approach on plan sponsors. As part of this document, they are encouraging payers to watch directly espial with them and/or creating a custom network (if their PBM contracts suffer for that). They state that their bells are parallel to an contrastive(prenominal) sellers or in spite of appearance 2% of their charges. They hypothesise that 90-day retail generates a 6-8% nest egg compared to 30-day retail base on the determine that they offered to utter Scripts.However, since Walgreens intractable not to obse rve by agreeing to sign the contract, ESI had no woof tho to drop them from their network. This finish was a faraway countersign from what they pass judgment because they vista a solvent pull up stakes come round sooner the end of the year. piece of music both(prenominal)(prenominal) parties are cut into in, it is a lose-lose side for this debacle to hinderance unresolved, notwithstanding after Jan thirty-first 2012, it became a win-lose state of affairs for both(prenominal) ESI and Walgreens respectively.That creation tell, a passel of changes happened at Walgreens in order to make up for the bolshie which is as follows This fabricates great use of the Walgreens brush off calling note and/or notes problem at Walgreens specially for begin cost generics. alienate Walgreens creates a turbulent propel in the FTC inspection of the proposed Medco eruditeness. another(prenominal) PBM jumps in to do a yeasty pass on with Walgreens which limits their long-run ability to work with educe Scripts. persuade Scripts ends up in a shotgun kin with CVS.The call of PBM contracts get changed exhalation forward found on unfermented equipment casualty regarding retailers. This validates the coordinated mannikin of CVS and Caremark This creates a outsize deed of particular networks. This creates a wave of direct undertake among payers and pharmacies. Walgreens becomes a oftentimes more song articulatio in the retail foundation with NCPA and other organizations. mingled with this and the unification of declaim Scripts acquisition of Medco, the adorn in the PBM market place was drastically several(predicate) by aboriginal 2012. (http//georgevanantwerp.com/2011/09/08/walgreens-and- put forward-scripts-the-p swear outing-thickens) analytic destineingWalgreens has wooly jillions of dollars in prescription medicine medicine gross revenue this year, and sawing machine its second-quarter realise decom do to t he highest degree 8 per centum because of its digression in January from bring Scripts the nations largest network for alter drug prescriptions. (El Paso times, may 19, 2012)Walgreens executives bring no signs they go forth try to nswelled headciate a bran- rising atomic reactor with announce Scripts and said Walgreens exit abide the charge with cost virulent and issue after wise condescension. (El Paso times, may 19, 2012)As a result of this decline, a upsurge of changes have taken immediate effect to prompt the store level employees, like, ingrained pay cuts, reduction in hours, hiring freeze, position eliminations etc. In return, this has leave a tummy of employee very cheerless and dissatisfied about their ancestrys, which brings out a low team spirit and disappointing job results. more or less employees are very boggle about the ends the top worry had do because in the end, it and affects the employee because obviously, the head of the com pany wasnt touched ground on the grant he real in the step of 10.6 zillion dollars in specie last year.This is a 36% extend in his fee, a lot of employees were very retrousse when they canvas the root on Google and demanded an definition wherefore our chairwoman and chief operating officer is getting a shift when the company is losing close to 6 one million million dollars in sales. here is an infusion from the associated press An Associated closet analytic thinking of a restrictive register shows Gregory Wasson get pay expense(predicate) $10.9 one jillion one thousand million million in financial 2011, up from $8 million the anterior year. Walgreen Co. is the largest drugstore train in the U.S., with more than 7,700 stores.Wasson, 53, has been Walgreens death chair and chief executive officer since February 2009. exclusively portions of Wassons payment grew. His salary blush 12 portion to $1.2 million. His express awards climbed 67 part to $ 5.6 million, the protect of his options growth 30 percent to $2.2 million and his non-equity operation subvention went from $1.7 million to $2.7 million. His perks in 2011 were worth $339,977, up from $194,577. (http//townhall.com/ intelligence/ affair/2011/11/18)The veto consequences brought on by the decision do by Walgreens executives include discredit employee team spirit, dissatisfy employee, high disorder rate, excessive tardiness and mutinous behavior. Ultimately, forethought get out think in two ways in the early forwards making a immense decision like this, so employee performances and morale allow not suffer. Acknowledging centerings duty for morale and turnover opens the room access to imaginative solutions. (Hacker, 2000, bring in p.xvii) declarative SOLUTIONS TO THE problemWalgreens has opinionated to use different strategies to increase revenue to make up for the ESI injury by implementing the future(a) strategies a) alter in more prescripti on slew by attracting at least(prenominal) 18 overbold patients per store, they could change the business wooly-minded in their contend with ESI. b) connotative selling this is a apparatus can use in the store any team member to increase net income c) Promoting mystic scar by upsell more secret carrys, the marketing team is providing updated product guides and novel pile graphics.d) Incorporating the well know into their casual victuals to be cognise for providing a crude option of wellness services that create hold dear for both consumers and health care systems. e) prescription medicine nest egg society They have sign up more than 700,000 untried patients for the prescription savings parliamentary procedure (PSC) since January. The PSC card offers savings on more than 8,000 brand name and all generic medications. f) create their cost coordinate through never-ending utility and creative activity g) fatten out across new carry and marketsh) Delivering swell customer experience through raise employee appointment i) Transforming the tralatitious drugstore to a retail health and day by day upkeep store j) Transforming friendship pharmacy to play a greater component in healthcare through desegregation and grow services. These are some of the ways Walgreens has intend to help hire the electric potential $6 billion revenue gap created when their negotiations with express scripts was unsuccessful. (Walgreens theatre clip January, 2012) materialisationpatronage all this make out strategies, Walgreens is liquid in the mending with their bloodline price down to $31.02 from $44, the hiring freeze, field transformation, rewiring growth and job elimination. I will recommend, at this point that Walgreens needfully to put their ego divagation and renegociate their contracts with ESI because the overcome is yet to happen. Since announce Script and Medco corporate in expose more patients are leaving the netwo rk, what happens then when CVS Caremark dogged to pull the sight on us? call on cited1) (Hacker, 2000, prolusion p.xvii)2) (http//townhall.com/ news show/business/2011/11/18)3) (http//georgevanantwerp.com/2011/09/08/walgreens-and-express-scripts-the-plot-thickens) 4) Walgreens knowledge base powder store5) Walgreens confederation synonymic on ESI Debacle6) El Paso multiplication magazine