Motivational Speech free essay sample

I am both regarded and complimented to have the joy of addressing all of you today. We as a whole originate from a wide range of different backgrounds and have a lot of penances that we have made. In any case, I accept that we should discover comfort in realizing that our lives are before us and we have done well to make it this far. Notwithstanding, I challenge you not to lay on your seat yet to keep on endeavoring towards considerably more prominent objectives. Never settle for anything throughout everyday life, in such a case that you do.. . Break never realize what the best feels like. The way to personal development is change. Im sure we have all had a lot of past missteps and slip-ups, But recall that a blunder doesnt become a mix-up until you will not right It and this is the ideal opportunity to begin. The initial move toward rolling out any improvement Is by first understanding that it begins with YOU. We will compose a custom paper test on Inspirational Speech or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Your character Is the key component to your future. The kind of individual you, are, the way you treat others, and your demeanor about existence as a rule. They are the center of a satisfied and satisfying life.It begins with little advances and In the end, they all include. My expectation for you is that you will develop this mentality and figure it out. That every little choice you make; makes you one stride washout to accomplishing personal growth. In the event that there is any one thing that is confirm by your day by day decisions it is your character. We are on the whole grown-ups who know directly from wrong and I genuinely accept what Thomas Macaulay stated, The mark off keeps an eye on genuine character is the thing that he would do on the off chance that he realized he could never be discovered. What do you do when no ones around?The educator ventures out of the space for a second while you are stepping through an exam after school. You know precisely where In your notes the response to address 23 Is. Do you look? Negligible possibility of being gotten! The response to this inquiry Is the way in to your actual character. While being straightforward and respectable when others are viewing Is Important, being consistent with yourself Is the genuine reason. What's more, In the end, these private everyday choices will in the long run uncover your actual character to the world. With everything taken into account, are settling on the intense decisions worth it?Yes. While it is simpler to slide through existence without a reason, it would not be satisfying. Just by defining troublesome objectives and accomplishing them would we be able to discover genuine self-esteem. One last thing, every people objectives are unique, and what comes simple to one might be hard for another. Consequently, don't crush others dreams. This is a reformatory method to realize that you arent moving in the direction of satisfying your own. All in all, I thank you for this respect and You can really be simply the best of the best.So appreciate, and recall Stupidity Is doing likewise over nerve However anticipating various outcomes. Our life Is a guarantee; and Its our Job to satisfy It. BY - ironys mix-ups and slip-ups, But recollect that a blunder doesnt become a misstep until you will not right it and this is the ideal opportunity to begin. The initial move toward rolling out any improvement is by first understanding that it begins with YOU. Your character is the key component about existence all in all. They are the center of a satisfied and satisfying life.It begins with and I genuinely accept what Thomas Macaulay stated, The proportion of a keeps an eye on genuine are stepping through an examination after school. You know precisely where in your notes the response to address 23 is. Do you look? Negligible possibility of being gotten! The response to this inquiry is the way in to your actual character. While being straightforward and respectable when others are viewing is significant, being consistent with yourself is the genuine reason. What's more, in have a ball, and recollect Stupidity is doing likewise over again Yet anticipating various outcomes. Our life is a guarantee; and we must satisfy it.

Apply constructivist and Neo-Liberal theories Essay - 1

Apply constructivist and Neo-Liberal speculations - Essay Example y Jean Piaget, yet the majority of the work comparable to the use of the hypothesis are ascribed to Jerome Bruner, who noticed that the hypothetical structure of the hypothesis was that learning could be seen as a functioning and nonstop procedure. In that capacity, students associated with the procedure would grow new thoughts dependent on their at various times information. The fundamental picture of the constructivist hypothesis is that students can find themselves dependent on this hypothesis and choose and change data. In this manner, the hypothesis makes it feasible for students to build theories out of the settings of the hypothesis and settle on useful choices dependent on the subjective structure of the gave data. The subjective structure in this sense furnishes people with the encounters required to continue with the statutes of data acquired (Kincheloe 268-273). The hypothesis, from the premise of constructivists, is established on the statutes of constructivism, which is worried about developing information for individual increase. In that capacity, its application may take on shifted structures. For example, a few constructivists may see the hypothesis from the point of view that it identifies with information that isn't free; subsequently, the development of which will identify with the learner’s experience. This view has frequently been received by the constructivists established on the contention that the acknowledgment of constructivist hypothesis would infer the acknowledgment of the practical and plutonic perspectives. All things considered, the knower of a specific information can't be autonomous of the information they guarantee to know. Therefore, the utilization of this hypothesis might be clarified from the point of view that the comprehension of the parts of information established on the constructivist hypothesis depends on the social and individual development of importance out of a sensation, and applying that information in a way that would decide the request for the manufacture of the information. Consequently, this hypothesis can be

How to Format a Narrative essay Tips and Tricks

How to Format a Narrative essay Tips and Tricks The narrative essay is one of the most common types of academic papers for students. The essence of the narrative essay is writing a story that includes your personal experience, as well as your attitude to certain events or characters. This essay is usually written in the conversational style from the first person. However, the narrative essay should always have a certain structure and include special formatting. What is the best narrative essay writing format? How to format a narrative essay? How to format dialogue in a narrative essay? What are the most common mistakes when it comes to writing such paper? Let’s get the answers below! Formatting a Narrative essay: Tips and Tricks Choosing a proper format of narrative essay is one of your keys to success. First of all, the correct formatting of the document gives you a clear picture of the story and helps to create a well-structured academic paper. Second, the content of the story is arranged well using an intro, the main part of a few paragraphs and the conclusion. Third, students who have written the task with the correct format for a narrative essay usually have the highest credits. The process of writing a successful academic paper can be divided into several steps: Narrative essay prewriting Many students often miss the prewriting step or just compose the total story in mind. However, prewriting will get your content organized and will save you plenty of time. Start with exploring the topic of your essay and then collect as many facts as you can. Not to mention, this part of writing is usually the most brainstorming. When you’ve collected enough data, begin to sort it and put all the facts in a certain order. At this stage you might choose a couple of questions that will help you to arrange your data: What is the most memorable event in your life? Can a chosen event become interesting for the reader? Does your topic include any conflict or drama? Can a reader get the lesson from your personal experience? Can you provide the details of your experience? To do your best just try to focus, use clustering and free writing techniques to make a draft of your essay. Narrative essay drafting When you’ve successfully created a base for your essay, begin to make a draft. First of all, you will need to write your story from the first person. Second, try to grab the attention of the audience from the first sentences: add sensitive details, describe your feelings and emotions. You can also use dialogues for your essay to become even more real. Note: your story shouldn’t sound like a textbook, so don’t be afraid to add bright and breathtaking descriptions. Narrative essay revision Narrative essay revision is a process of the final modification and reorganization. Here you will need to check a few moments: Do your paragraphs have gradual transitions? Don’t they confuse the reader? Is your essay informative? Don’t you describe the same thing in different paragraphs? Is your paperwork informative and descriptive? What is the conclusion of your essay? How to Format a Narrative Essay Step-by-step? Define a purpose. Defining a purpose is one of the easiest steps of writing a narrative essay. Since it’s a descriptive writing with the clear point of view, the essay usually includes a personal story of the author or the description of a certain experience. The aim of this type of academic paper is to arouse the reader’s curiosity and share your opinion on some life-changing events and issues. To become a good storyteller, it’s crucial to provide your opinion, viewpoints, and ideas in the essay. Furthermore, the psychological impact is also one of the key features of your essay: it should provide some useful or helpful information to the audience. Define the context. Defining the context means you should choose one certain idea for each paragraph of your essay. It is highly recommended to reflect how each idea is connected to the paper as a whole and describe the situation where it is relevant. In order to establish a successful context, you will also need to write about the facts and events that significantly influenced the main idea of the paragraph. Note: the reader should get a clear picture of what will be discussed in every paragraph in its first few sentences. Define your point of view. Any successful narrative essay format always includes one of three the most common viewpoints. You can either choose to write your paperwork from first-person (I or we), second-person (you) or third-person (he/she/they). However, most students prefer using the first variant, since it is usually much easier to write about yourself. In general, most such essays are written in the past tense. Note: you can also use dialogues and vivid verbs and modifiers in your narrative essay, but avoid switching perspectives throughout your academic paper. Descriptive details. Try to use as many specific images and descriptive details as you can. This simple trick will make your story come alive for the reader. However, pay attention only to valuable aspects to make your story rich in details, but not boring. Not to mention, writing about the real facts is still your top priority. Organization. Most narrative essays are organized in chronological order. Furthermore, don’t forget to add a brief introduction that will contain the described event. Conclusion outline. The end of your essay is the end of your turning point. Conclusion usually includes a revision of the major points of your story. Here you will need to specify the moral of your story, as well as the importance of the event and the lessons you’ve learned. It’s a good idea to add some facts on how the end of the story affected or changed your life. Despite the fact that a narrative essay is a classical form of academic paper, it is a document with a flexible structure. That is why you might not meet all the rules of writing and feel free to tell your story creatively. Pay more attention to the scene and dialogues to break the monotony of your essay, as well as the setting where the story takes place. Describing the location is another valuable part of the narrative essay; double check your memory and use your imagination to create an exceptionally bright scene. The most important part of your essay is called a climax. A climax is the breaking point of your story, a special moment that requires the most precise writing. Here you might add some details on what you heard, saw, felt and even smelt in order to convey the total atmosphere and the environment of the moment. Although the climax is the most powerful and emotional part of your essay, don’t amplify your role in the event. It is better to use vivid adjectives to make the story more intense. The best option is to finish your climax with a resolution. Not to mention, the resolution might be either good or bad. In case you miss it, your essay might look incomplete. Note: to make your story more interesting, don’t include too many characters; plenty of names might easily confuse the readers. Just choose a few important ones, add some sketches of their features with a couple of specific details. However, don’t focus on the characters only. Narrative format essay: dos and don’ts Feel free to start your essay with a quote or question you might find interesting or catchy Always use formal language Add some dialogues if needed Use specific details and describe your emotions Use transition words and limit the number of passive constructions Focus on the climactic moment Avoid describing all your movements Don’t make your story too complicated and avoid using too many characters Avoid using the similar structure of the sentences, diversify your writing style Don’t overwrite your conclusion: try to shorten it, universal and laconic. Avoid using the unexpected twists in the conclusion. Limit the number of references Proofreading your essay is a must step in creating a successful academic paper. Make sure that your document conforms to all the requirements of your professor. You should read back your paper and check it for grammar and spelling errors as well. Furthermore, don’t forget to check out that the chosen topic is fully illustrated in your story, as well as that all the main points are absolutely clear. Therefore, don’t be afraid to edit your paperwork to make it finished. All in all, writing a perfect narrative essay requires plenty of time and efforts. You will need to choose a topic that is appropriate to the audience, create a draft, pay attention to numerous details and check your formatting. However, you might easily take a constructive criticism from your friends and classmates, as well as professional writing services to create an excellent academic paper.

Banana Vaccines Eat Up Your Vaccines - 1895 Words

BANANA VACCINES – EAT UP YOUR VACCINES by Group I Brett Eaker, Deepa Thamodaran, Kevin George, Mamud Mansaray Theresa Hoang A group project submitted for BIOT 640 9020 Societal Issues in Biotechnology (2155) UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Adelphi, MD 20783 Summer 2015 BANANA VACCINES – EAT UP YOUR VACCINES (Introduction) Risk Assessment and Testing Risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazardous components, analyze dose-response relationship, evaluating the possibility for human exposure, and estimating the frequency of contrary effects under various conditions. The production of edible vaccines in transgenic plants was first proposed in 1990. As technology matures, production of these vaccines is more focused on the regulatory framework that controls and approves the products (Straub et al., 2012). There is no inclusive federal legislation specifically addressing GMOs. GMOs are regulated under the general statutory authority of environmental, health, and safety laws. The three main agencies involved in regulating GMOs are 1. The US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 2. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 3. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Risk Assessment Logical Flow The process of risk assessment flows in a logical stepwise fashion that includes the following five steps: (1) problem formulation; (2) hazard identification; (3) dose-response relationships; (4)Show MoreRelatedWay to Stronger, Healthier and a More Immune India1833 Words   |  7 PagesWay To Stronger, Healthier And A More Immune India.What should be the greatest wealth you need to give your children? Great parents know that the correct answer is Good Health. It is our responsibility to give them a long life without suffering from pains and aches. It is vital for them to maintain good health to have proper growth and development. When we know that our children are in contact with deadly bacteria and viruses every minute, it is very important to build strong immune system. LetRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods For A Plant For The Best1711 Words   |  7 Pages(genetically modified organisms) into the marketplace in the 1990s. But are these modified foods safe, and do they affect yo ur health? Why exactly were people against it? To find out we will have to search into it since the beginning. The idea of Man-made DNA came from a student at Stanford University Medical School, and this was basically the idea of modifying organisms. The idea was picked up by Professor Herbert Boyer and a few of his biologist colleagues in 1973. 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Jellyfish Facts Habitat, Behavior, Diet

Among the most extraordinary animals on earth, jellyfish (Cnidarians, scyphozoans, cubozoans, and hydrozoans) are also some of the most ancient, with an evolutionary history stretching back for hundreds of millions of years. Found in all oceans of the world, jellies are made up of 90 to 95 percent water, compared to 60 percent for humans. Fast Facts: Jellyfish Scientific Name: Cnidarian; scyphozoan, cubozoan, and hydrozoanCommon Name: Jellyfish, jelliesBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Bell diameter of two-tenths of an inch to over six and a half feetWeight: Under an ounce to 440 poundsLifespan: Vary between a few hours to a few yearsDiet:  Carnivore, HerbivoreHabitat: Oceans throughout the worldPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Not Evaluated Description Named after the Greek word for sea nettle, cnidarians are marine animals characterized by their jelly-like bodies, their radial symmetry, and their cnidocytes—cells on their tentacles that literally explode when stimulated by prey. There are about 10,000 cnidarian species, roughly half of which are anthozoans (a family that includes corals and sea anemones); the other half are scyphozoans, cubozoans, and hydrozoans (what most people refer to when they use the word jellyfish). Cnidarians are among the oldest animals on earth: Their fossil record stretches back for almost 600 million years. Jellyfish come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. The largest is the lions mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), which can have a bell over six and a half feet in diameter and weigh up to 440 pounds; the smallest is the Irukandji jellyfish, several species of dangerous jellyfishes found in tropical waters, which measure only about two-tenths of an inch and weigh well under a tenth of an ounce. Jellyfish lack  a central nervous system, a circulatory system,  and a respiratory system. Compared to vertebrate animals, they are extremely simple organisms, characterized mainly by their undulating bells (which contain their stomachs) and their dangling, cnidocyte-spangled tentacles. Their nearly organless bodies consist of just three layers—the outer epidermis, the middle mesoglea, and the inner gastrodermis. Water makes up 95 to 98 percent of their total bulk, compared to about 60 percent for the average human being. Jellyfish are equipped with hydrostatic skeletons, which sound like they might have been invented by Iron Man, but are actually an innovation that evolution hit on hundreds of millions of years ago. Essentially, the bell of a jellyfish is a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by circular muscles; the jelly contracts its muscles, squirting water in the opposite direction from where it wishes to go. Jellyfish arent the only animals to possess hydrostatic skeletons; they can also be found in starfish, earthworms, and various other invertebrates. Jellies can also move along ocean currents, thus sparing themselves the effort of undulating their bells. Weirdly, box jellies, or cubozoans, are equipped with as many as two dozen eyes—not primitive, light-sensing patches of cells, as in some other marine invertebrates, but true eyeballs composed of lenses, retinas, and corneas. These eyes are paired around the circumference of their bells, one pointing upward,  one pointing downward—this gives some box jellies a 360-degree range of vision, the most sophisticated visual sensing apparatus in the animal kingdom. Of course, these eyes are used to detect prey and avoid predators, but their main function is to keep the box jelly properly oriented in the water. Wikimedia Commons Species Scyphozoans, or true jellies, and cubozoans, or box jellies, are the two classes of cnidarians comprising the classic jellyfish; the main difference between them is that cubozoans have boxier-looking bells than scyphozoans and are slightly faster. There are also hydrozoans (most species of which never got around to forming bells and instead remain in polyp form) and staurozoans, or stalked jellyfish, which are attached to the seafloor. (Scyphozoans, cubozoans, hydrozoans, and staurozoans are all classes of medusozoans, a clade of invertebrates directly under the cnidarian order.) Diet Most jellyfish eat fish eggs, plankton, and fish larvae, converting them to energy in an alarming pattern known as an energy-loss pathway. That kind of pathway consumes energy that would otherwise be used by forage fish who can be eaten by top-level consumers.  Instead, that energy is being communicated to animals which eat jellyfish, not part of the higher food chain. Other species, like upside-down jellies (Cassiopea species) and Australian Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata), have symbiotic relationships with algae (zooxanthellae), and they obtain enough carbohydrates from them to not need additional food sources.   Lions mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) eating Sarsia tubulosa.   Cultura RF/Alexander Semenov/Getty Images Behavior Jellyfish practice what is called vertical migration, arising from the ocean depths to the surface in large aggregations known as blooms. In general, they bloom in the spring, reproduce in the summer, and die off in the fall. But different species have different patterns; some migrate once or twice a day, and some migrate horizontally following the sun. The jellies most injurious to humans, the Irukandji species, undergo seasonal migrations which bring them into contact with swimmers in the tropics. Jellyfish spend all of their time is seeking food, escaping predators, or finding a mate—some set a trap with their tentacles arranged in a spiral pattern, an impenetrable curtain for their prey, or array their tentacles in a big field around their bodies. Others simply drift or swim slowly, dragging their tentacles behind them like a trawler net.   Some species are pleustonic, meaning they live at the air/water interface year round. Those include the sailing jellies, like the Portuguese man-of-war, the Blue Bottle, and the By-the-Wind Sailor Jelly (Velella vellal), which has an oblong blue raft and a silvery vertical sail. Like most invertebrate animals, jellyfish have very short lifespans: Some small species live for only a few hours, while the largest varieties, like the lions mane jellyfish, may survive for a few years. Controversially, one Japanese scientist claims that the jellyfish species Turritopsis dornii is effectively immortal: Full-grown individuals have the ability to revert back to the polyp stage, and thus, theoretically, can cycle endlessly from adult to juvenile form. Unfortunately, this behavior has only been observed in the laboratory, and T. dornii can easily die in many other ways (such as being eaten by predators or washing up on the beach). Reproduction and Offspring Jellyfish hatch from eggs which are fertilized by males after females expel the eggs into the water. What emerges from the egg is a free-swimming planula, which looks a bit like a giant paramecium. The planula soon  attaches itself to a firm surface (the sea floor, a rock, even the side of a fish) and grows into a stalked polyp reminiscent of a scaled-down coral or anemone. Finally, after months or even years, the polyp launches itself off its perch and becomes an ephyra (for all intents and purposes, a juvenile jellyfish), and then grows to its full size as an adult jelly. Humans and Jellyfish People worry about black widow spiders and rattlesnakes, but pound for pound, the most dangerous animal on earth may be the sea wasp (Chironex fleckeri). The biggest of all box jellies—its bell is about the size of a basketball and its tentacles are up to 10 feet long—the sea wasp prowls the waters of Australia and southeast Asia, and its sting is known to have killed at least 60 people over the last century. Just grazing a sea wasps tentacles will produce excruciating pain, and if contact is widespread and prolonged, a human adult can die in as little as two to five minutes. Most poisonous animals deliver their venom by biting—but not jellyfish (and other cnidarians), which have evolved specialized structures called nematocysts. There are thousands of nematocysts in each of the thousands of cnidocytes on a jellyfishs tentacles; when stimulated, they build up an internal pressure of over 2,000 pounds per square inch and explode, piercing the skin of the unfortunate victim and delivering thousands of tiny doses of venom. So potent are nematocysts that they can  be activated even when a jellyfish is beached or dying, which accounts for incidents where dozens of people are stung by a single, seemingly expired jelly. Threats Jellyfish are prey for sea turtles, crabs, fish, dolphins, and terrestrial animals: There are some 124 fish species and 34 other species that are reported to feed either occasionally or mainly on jellyfish. Jellyfish often establish symbiotic or parasitic relationships with other species—the parasitic ones are almost always detrimental to the jellyfish. Many species—sea anemones, brittle stars, gooseneck barnacles, lobster larvae and fish—hitch rides on jellyfish, finding safety from predators in the folds. Octopuses are known to use jellyfish tentacle fragments on sucker arms as added defensive/offensive weaponry, and dolphins tend to treat some species like underwater frisbees. Jellyfish have been considered a delicacy for human diets since at least 300 CE in China. Today, fisheries raising jellyfish for food exist in 15 countries.   But jellyfish may have the last laugh. Far from being a threatened species, jellyfish are on the increase, moving into habitats that have been damaged or destroyed for other marine creatures. Increased blooms can have negative impacts on human economic activities, clogging cooling water intakes at coastal power plants, bursting fishing nets and contaminating catches, killing off fish farms, reducing commercial fish abundance through competition, and interfering with fisheries and tourism. The primary causes for habitat destruction are human over-fishing and climate change, so the reason for the uptick in jellyfish blooms can be assigned to human interference. Alastair Pollock Photography/Getty Images Sources Chiaverano, Luciano M., et al. Evaluating the Role of Large Jellyfish and Forage Fishes as Energy Pathways, and Their Interplay with Fisheries, in the Northern Humboldt Current System. Progress in Oceanography 164 (2018): 28–36. Print.Dong, Zhijun. Chapter 8 - Blooms of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia: Causes, Consequences and Controls. World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition). Ed. Sheppard, Charles: Academic Press, 2019. 163–71. Print.Gershwin, Lisa-ann. Jellyfish: A Natural History.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016.Hays, Graeme C., Thomas K. Doyle, and Jonathan D. R. Houghton. A Paradigm Shift in the Trophic Importance of Jellyfish? Trends in Ecology Evolution 33.11 (2018): 874–84. Print.Richardson, Anthony J., et al. The Jellyfish Joyride: Causes, Consequences and Management Responses to a More Gelatinous Future. Trends in Ecology Evolution 24.6 (2009): 312–22. Print.Shikina, Shinya, and Ching-Fong Chang. Cnidaria. Encyclopedia of Reproduction (Second Edition). Ed. Skinner, Michael K. Oxford: Academic Press, 2018. 491–97. Print.

Macroeconomic Indicators Free Essays

Walmart (officially Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. ) is an American multinational company specialized in the large distribution. The company was founded by Sam Walton and today supervised by his oldest son, S. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Indicators or any similar topic only for you Order Now Robson Walton. Founded under this name in 1962, it was quickly developed in Arkansas, then after that in 1991 it started dominate all United States before he internationalized itself. Today, Walmart is much more like your vicinity store. We comprise a great choice of high-quality goods, friendly service and, naturally, low prices each and every day. One goal that Walmart is always pursuing is to bring the best experiment in customer’s everywhere purchasing from their stores to the Internet. The Walmart. com store which is a subsidiary Wal-Mart Stores, Inc was founded in January 2000. The headquarters is in San Francisco Peninsula near Silicon Valley. Walmart is operating in many continents and countries but under different name. In Europe, the stores are present in Great Britain under the name of ASDA. Walmart is operating from now on in the Asian market. Installed in China since 1996, the group employed about thirty thousands workers in this country in 2006. It is also present in Japan under the name of SEIYU. In 2005, an average of twenty million customers attended the Walmart stores each day (Walmart Corporate, 2011). Walmart marked a very important turn in their business life in 2005 by engaging into the introduction of a new environmental durability, under the control of the President (Leadership CEO) Lee Scott. The sustainability engagement was developed after that Walmart decided to assist and help with $18 million cash money in donations the U. S. hurricane relief efforts. As of 2005, Walmart employed more than 1. million associates in more than 6,200 facilities around the world including 3,800 stores in U. S. and 3,800 international units with $312. 4 billion in sales during this year. The company received 138 million customers each week in the U. S. , Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Germany, Guatemala, Honduras, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, South Korea and the United Kingdom. Then in 2006, th e number of weekly customers rapid growth went from 138 to 176 million worldwide, with 6,779 places. Walmart has reached net sales record of $345 billion (Walmart Corporate, 2011). Walmart contributed in more than $415 million in cash and goods to 100,000 organizations worldwide through the Walmart Foundation, the charitable partners and the donations of the customers and associates to help better health care. In 2007, Walmart increased its successful $4 generic program, which in date of 2007 has saved customers more than $396 million on prescription drug costs. 2007 In February 2007 Walmart helped launch Better Health Care Together, has single partnership off organizations dedicated to has set off judicious furnace common principles for achieving has new American health care system by 2012. Later in the year, Walmart expanded its successful $4 generic program, which aces off 2007 had saved customers more than $396 million one regulation drug costs (Walmart Corporate, 2011). The four (4) Economic Indicators Wal-Mart is indeed a very big and retailing sales empire with 3550 outlets in the United States and plans for much more. It also has stores in at least ten countries and plans to open 120 auxiliary stores on the international markets. In hardly ten years it gained almost 15 percent of the retail grocery sales in all the United States. According to Walmart CEO Lee Scott, Wal-Mart Stores Inc. , seeks a share of 30% of the grocery sales and any other product line that it carries (United for a Fair Economy, 2011). Wal-Mart found out that there is an increase in the taxable retail sales everywhere in the city of one year after the opening of Walmart Supercenter which averagered over $79 million compared to the year before the opening for all the communities (21 supercenters). The taxable increases in retail sales made the average of 15 percent for all the cities (Wal-Mart Press Room, 2011). As the report Wal-Mart Press Room (2011) also mentionned: â€Å"In every city where Walmart has opened a supercenter in California, the city-wide taxable retail sales (including apparel stores, general merchandise stores, grocery stores, home furnishing and appliance stores, and other retail stores) have increased in the year following the opening of the supercenter as compared to the taxable retail sales of the year prior to the opening. Moreover, the city-wide taxable retail sales have continued to increase in each subsequent year in all communities that have had a Walmart Supercenter for multiple years†. It will be important to know that Wal-mart has a big impact in the U. S. consumer price index (CPI). Indeed, advantages and costs of Wal-Mart’s expansion through the United States is a very heating discussion. A lot of people that support Wal-Mart because they think that the lower price offered by the company is doing more than compensating U. S consumers; the less expensive the price, the more customers you get. However, a study of Global Insight (GI) which is a consulting company, concluded that Wal-Mart’s expansion as made the consumers of the United States saved an average of $263 billion, which is indeed really flawed. Here, the GI announces that total prices lowered by Wal-Mart (which was measured by the overall consumer price index (CPI)) by a total of 3. 1% from 1985 to 2004. Then they mentionned that Wal-Mart prices of the products (goods) went down by 4. 2% above this period (Bernstein Bivens; 2006). The economy created only 57. 000 jobs in the month of November. Moreover, the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) stated that the unemployment rate did stayed primarily unchanged with 5. 9 percent, representing 8. 7 million formally unemployment workers looking out for stable jobs. Consequently, for the fortieth consecutive month, the United States has a lost of 17. 000 manufacturing workers jobbs in November for a total of 2. 6 million manufacturing jobs lost since the Ex President George W. Bush took over the office. But, this unemployment rate issue remains essentially unchanged in the Wal-Mart economy. Indeed, which ws explained by Mrs. Sweeney was the fact that the industrial center lost 17,000 manufacturing jobs in november, the fact is that the middle-class jobs are too often replaced by low-paying job which is an indication of the new Wal-Mart economy. Several jobs are being lost will not come back, and of the nation’s middle-class is being notched away (AFL-CIO, 2003). Wal-Mart is a symbol of the US economy of the 21st century, which is held in radical contrast to the symbol of the old economy. Indeed, It is one of the giants of the † service sector† of the United States economy. To add, its $244. 6 billion in the sales in 2002 composed more than 2% of all the gross domestic product of the United States (GDP). Let us also mention that this has made Wal-Mart the world’s largest company (based on incomes). That is the 19th greater economy in the world. Consequently, it is our nation’s biggest employer, with 1. 3 million employees in the whole wide world, with plans of hiring maybe more than 800. 000 during the five years to come. Strategies that can be used by the firm based on the current economic indicators Wal-Mart dominates already many sales sectors, selling for example all the sports products, office supplies to clothing apparel and the groceries. It claims all my itself at least 20 percent of the country’s retail toy business. Now it has more groceries than any other United States supermarkets chain and it even has overtaken Kroger. Wal-Mart has already a good strategy market even though most of their works has been giving to foreign countries such china and such the fact is that maybe it is the reason why the price is so low and affordable to every low or middle-class citizens. Wal-Mart’s rapid Unique Growth Strategy has made itself being talked about to a point that many retails companies such as Kmart Corp. are trying to compete with Wal-Mart’s distribution system and telecommunications structure. Wal-Mart Stores are widely being spread like mushrooms from its Arkansas base by building new stores strategically placed close to the hubs and small towns, rather than leapfrogging through the nation like the other retailers stores (Harper, 2004). Wal-Mart, Stores Inc. ‘s growth has completely accrued. Unlike a lot of other companies, Wal-Mart did not buy existing chains of retail sale in order to preserve the control of company culture. This what the experts explained; because this strategy helped Wal-Mart stayed in the competition and still being one of the best. Wal-Mart’s market predominance gives him the extraordinary power to make pressure on suppliers in order to reduce their costs. This dominated Retail Industry has made Target, Kmart Corp. and Home Depot, and other companies, to oblige manufacturers and suppliers to lower their prices (Harper, 2004). References: AFL-CIO. (2003). Good Jobs Still Disappearing. News Archive Article. Retrieved from http://www. aflcio. org/issues/jobseconomy/jobs/ns12052003. cfm Bernstein, J and Bivens, J. (2006). The Wal-Mart debate: A false choice between prices and wages. The Economic Politicy Institute Article. Retrieved from http://www. epi. org/publications/entry/ib223/ Harper, L. (2004). Wal-Mart: Impact of a Retail Giant. Just Wal-Mart? Article. Retrieved from http://www. pbs. org/newshour/bb/business/wal-mart/unique. tml United for a Fair Economy. (2011). The Wal-Mart Revolution. Why Wal-Mart? Article. Retrieved from http://www. dsausa. org/lowwage/walmart/why_walmart. html Walmart Corporate. (2011). History Timeline. Wal-Mart Article. Retrieved from http://walmartstores. com/AboutUs/7603. aspx Wal-Mart Press Room. (2011). New Research Reveals Strong Local Economic Benefit of Walmart Supercenters. Press Room News Article. Retrieved from http://walmartstores. com/pressroom/news/8836. aspx How to cite Macroeconomic Indicators, Papers

The Benefits of Extracurricular Activities for Studentss Essay Example For Students

The Benefits of Extracurricular Activities for Studentss Essay It is important for adolescents to participate in extracurricular activities. Student who participate in these activities improve their academic scores and social life. Extracurricular activities can also help reduce many peer pressure related problems. â€Å"They enrich the lives of the students, their families and our communities. These activities create well rounded children who learn what their interests and talents are because they have been exposed to such opportunities† (Extracurricular Activities, Blogadmin). For most adolescents extracurricular activities should be required among what they do outside of school. What are extracurricular activities? Extracurricular activities are those sponsored by and usually held at school but are not part of the academic curriculum. There are usually many extracurricular activities available including team sports, such as soccer, baseball, basketball, and volleyball, and academic interests such as foreign language club, debate team, chess club, student government, student publications, 4-H Club, environmental clubs, choir, band, photography, politics, and business (Wells). We will write a custom essay on The Benefits of Extracurricular Activities for Studentss specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are activities for everybody so encourage adolescents to go try something, and they might turn up liking it. To get involved in these activities schools usually have a list of multiple activities that a student can be in (Dowshen). There might be a certain age that is required to be in activity, but there are endless amounts of things that adolescents can do (Dowshen). Money is one of the other big problems most kids think of when they want to go into an extracurricular activity. Most of the money that will need for the activity can be cut down by fundraising. If the money can’t be made by fundraising, sch. .involved_school.html>. Hollrah, Rachel. â€Å"Extracurricular Activities.† 20 October 2014. edu/~ rhetoric/105H17/rhollrah/cof.html>. Levack, Nicholas A. â€Å"Can extracurricular activities help your child resist peer pressure?† Helium. 25 October 2014. helium.com/debates/119892-can-extracurricular-activities-help-your-child-resist-peer-pressure/side_by_side?page=10>. Needlman, Robert M.D. â€Å"Extracurricular Activities.† 26 August 2004. 25 October 2014. . Smith, Allison. â€Å"Extracurricular Activities.† University of Michigan. 25 October 2014. 356/extracurricular_activities>. Wells, Ken R. â€Å"Extracurricular activity.† Answers.com. 27 November 2004. Answer Corporation. 07 November 2014..

What is Democracy essays

What is Democracy essays Although the word democracy, in Greek, means rule by the people, there is much disagreement universally over the precise requirements of democracy. 1. Ecclesia composed of all male citizens who met 40 times a year to decide everything. Exclusivity, because there were three slaves for every two Athenians (and because women were excluded) Scale, because direct democracy only works for very small populations. Clisthenes (instituted reforms in Athens between 508 and 501 BCE) He is the founder of democracy Although property ownership remained a requirement to participate in the decision-making process, he enlarged the citizen rolls, diminished the power of the aristocracy, and elevated the role of the assembly. He divided Athens and the surrounding area into precincts (called demes), each of which elected its own officers. This move weakened the power of the aristocracy. A council of 500 of these officers was responsible for general government duties, such as receiving emissaries, maintaining finances, and preparing legislative proposals for the Assembly to pass or reject. The Ecclesia, or Assembly, was comprised of all adult male citizens. It met about 40 times annually and decided everything. He believed that a Pan-Hellenic campaign against Persia and the conquest of Asia Minor would be the solution to the economic, social, and political problems that had brought poverty and civil war to the Greek cities ever since the Peloponnesian War. All things emanate from an unseen source of Good, which we can comprehend through philosophical contemplation. Our environment is the mere image of reality, so the study of our environment is pointless. ...

The Lowell Mill Girls in the 19th Century

The Lowell Mill Girls in the 19th Century The Lowell Mill Girls were female workers in early 19th century America, young women employed in an innovative system of labor in textile mills centered in Lowell, Massachusetts. The employment of women in a factory was  novel to the point of being revolutionary. And the system of labor in the Lowell mills became widely admired because the young women were housed in an environment which was not only safe but reputed to be culturally advantageous. The young women were encouraged to engage in educational pursuits while not working, and they even contributed articles to a magazine, the Lowell Offering.   The Lowell System of Labor Employed Young Women Francis Cabot Lowell founded the Boston Manufacturing Company, prompted by the increased demand for cloth during the War of 1812. Utilizing the latest technology, he built a factory in Massachusetts which used water power to run machines that processed raw cotton into finished fabric. The factory needed workers, and Lowell wanted to avoid using child labor, which was commonly used in fabric mills in England. The workers did not need to be physically strong, as the work was not strenuous. However, the workers had to be fairly intelligent to master the complicated machinery. The solution was to hire young women. In New England, there were a number of girls who had some education, in that they could read and write. And working in the textile mill seemed like a step up from working on the family farm. Working at a job and earning wages was an innovation in the early decades of the 19th century, when many Americans still worked on family farms or at small family businesses. And for young women at the time, it was considered a great adventure to be able to assert some independence from their families. The company set up boardinghouses to provide safe places for the women employees to live, and also imposed a strict moral code. Instead of it being thought scandalous for women to work in a factory, the mill girls were actually considered respectable. Lowell Became the Center of Industry Francis Cabot Lowell, the founder of the Boston Manufacturing Company, died in 1817. But his colleagues continued the company  and built a larger and improved mill along the Merrimack River in a town which they renamed in Lowells honor. In the 1820s and 1830s, Lowell and its mill girls became fairly famous. In 1834, faced with increased competition in the textile business, the mill cut the workers wages, and the workers responded by forming the Factory Girls Association, an early labor union. The efforts at organized labor were not successful, however. In the late 1830s, the housing rates for the female mill workers were raised, and they attempted to hold a strike, but it did not succeed. They were back on the job within weeks. Mill Girls and Their Cultural Programs Were Famous The mill girls became known for engaging in cultural programs centered around their boardinghouses. The young women tended to read, and discussions of books were a common pursuit. The women also began publishing their own magazine, the Lowell Magazine.  The magazine was published from 1840 to 1845, and sold for six cents a copy. The content poems and autobiographical sketches, which were usually published anonymously, or with the authors identified solely by their initials. The mill owners essentially controlled what appeared in the magazine, so the articles tended to be a positive nature. Yet the magazines very existence was seen as evidence of a positive work environment.   When Charles Dickens, the great Victorian novelist, visited the United States in 1842, he was taken to Lowell to see the factory system. Dickens, who had seen the horrible conditions of British factories up close, was very impressed at the conditions of the mills in Lowell. He was also impressed by the publication issued by the mill workers. The Lowell Offering ceased publication in 1845, when tensions between the workers and the mill owners increased. Over the last year of publication the magazine had published material that was not entirely positive, such as an article which pointed out that loud machinery in the mills could damage a workers hearing. When the magazine promoted the cause of a workday shortened to ten hours, tensions between workers and management became inflamed and the magazine was shut down. Immigration Brought the End of the Lowell System of Labor In the mid-1840s, the Lowell workers organized the Female Labor Reform Association, which tried to bargain for improved wages. But the Lowell System of Labor was essentially undone by increased immigration to the United States. Instead of hiring local New England girls to work in the mills, the factory owners discovered they would hire newly arrived immigrants. The immigrants, many of whom had come from Ireland, fleeing the Great Famine, were content to find any work at all, even for relatively low wages.

Db 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Db 5 - Essay Example The given case study reflects an ethical dilemma that organizations normally face during employee selection processes. This paper will critically analyze the given issue and suggest the most possible solution. Case analysis The two candidates, Martin and Joy apply for job in a computer technology company for the position of software trainer. The candidates are from two different countries and both of them possess certain unpleasant backgrounds. Martin has a scar on the right side of his face which indicates an extensive employment injury record. At the same time, Joe has a criminal background. In my opinion, the case does not fall under the category of diversity. To illustrate, â€Å"the concept of diversity refers to the number or the proportion of people within a community or social environment that hold different and various roles.† (Diversity Categories). This concept is against all forms of discrimination and it tries to promote social equality. Martin is from China and J oe is from United States. Here, the firm does not consider the nationality of the candidates in its selection criteria; on the other hand, the firm only takes the previous work history of the candidates into account. ... In the final decision regarding employee hiring, I would consider the candidates’ work history and morals as the most determinant factors. Since the company would not have knowledge regarding candidates’ qualification, experience, efficiency, professionalism, and dedication, The candidate’s background information would be the only criterion to take final decision. The extensive employment injury record found to be the major weak-point of Martin. However, it is precise that a software trainer does not need to engage in physically demanding jobs that cause injuries. Similarly, the scar on Martin’s face does not raise any further interruption to his work. In contrast, Joe’s criminal background seems to be a potential issue that disqualifies him for the proposed employment opportunity. It is not advisable for the firm to employ a candidate with criminal background since he may hurt the overall cohesion and interests of the organization in future. The em ployment of a person with criminal background would promote unfair practices in the company. Moreover, the presence of employees having criminal background would adversely affect the repute of the whole organizational unit. In addition, Joe has body odor which would cause inconveniences to his co-workers. Hence, it is advisable to hire Martin for the offered post since he possesses better qualities and personal integrity required as compared to Joe. In this case study, there are no elements that constitute a legal issue because the hiring process does not include any religious, racial, or political discrimination. Law clearly states that an employer can refuse the job application of a candidate if the employer has sufficient reasons to prove that candidate would

International finance strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International finance strategy - Essay Example Dividend policy pertains to the practice of company’s management in providing dividend payments or taking decisions related to the pattern and size of dividend cash distributions, which are to be made by the company to its shareholders (Nissam and Ziv, 2001). This decision to distribute company profits is critical for the company as it influences the capital structure as well as the stock prices. There are three basic contradictory theories in relation to dividend policies of firms. The first view in this regard claims that increase in dividend payments help to improve firm value. This is the bird in hand argument. The second view postulates that high payouts in the form of dividends have a conflicting effect on value of firm and is known as the tax preference argument. The third view is the dividend irrelevance hypothesis, which asserts that dividend decisions are irrelevant and dividend policy decision has no significant effect on the firm. Corporate managers have been able to realize that dividend payments are necessary to satisfy expectations of the company shareholders. They have tried to smooth out dividends over a long period of time because it is believed that reducing dividends might uphold an unfavourable image of the company to its shareholders. Hence, dividends are also used to give signals to the market about company performance and stability. Dividend policies have a huge impact on a company’s stock prices. There has been an ongoing debate regarding the impact of a firm’s dividend policy over its value and capital structure decisions since 1950s. The following sections shall discuss the issue in detail. In financial terms, the capital structure is a framework based on which a company finances the assets in combination of equity, debt and hybrid form of securities. The capital structure of a company is simply the formation of a company’s liabilities. According to

The use of innovative marketing and product concepts

The use of innovative marketing and product concepts Innovative marketing and product concepts made OSIM International Ltd a leader in the industry of Home Health-care products. Franchise agreements among most of the cross border operations are implemented to ensure capitalization of local marketing expertise and practices of the franchisees. OSIM International Ltd are now employing expressive marketing and distribution system which enables the management to analyze customer needs and preferences both on the regional and local market bases and customize product designs to exceed customer expectations and also in order to address the company weakness. Despite of this effort of the company, the current financial situation of the company is quite unusual, thus a need for financial situational analysis is a must. For most businesses today, the progress and development they created are recorded as basis of their success. These records also serve as essential thing in making decision in business and of course as a benchmark for measuring the firms performance for the period under scrutiny (Ali, A 1993 and Pike, R Neale, B 1999). A financial situation analysis is one such gauge that documents current and future financial situation in an attempt to determine a financial strategy to help achieve organisational goals. Objectives The objective of this paper of evaluates and analyses the business performance of OSIM by reviewing the financial information for the past 3 years. Actually, it attempts to examine the financial statements of the company by using tools such as Ratio Analysis and also to see what might be the other factors that can influence the companys growth and its decision making and than to see the limitations of the financial analysis. These performance indicators are better known as ratios and constitute the main tools of conventional financial analysis. This serves as a proof that more and more organisations are realising the importance the analysis of their financial situation in order to keep up with the demands of the business world. Basically, this paper will be discussing the financial status of OSIM holdings Ltd. in accordance to their financial ratios in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Corporate Profile of OSIM OSIM International Ltd was believed a global leader in healthy lifestyle products. The company was originally founded by Ron Sim in Singapore in 1980. During that time OSIM was under the name of R Sim Trading, an electrical and household appliance company. Using their small start-up capital, the company engages with the promotion of household products such as knife sharpeners, knife and mobile clothes drying rods. Apparently, in 1989, the company listed with the name Health Check and Care, and later on shifted their main focus to healthy lifestyle products. The time following this created great development for the company, and it manages to produce outlets in Indonesia and Malaysia. In 1993, the company officially introduced the OSIM brand name and its distribution network grown up to 60 point-of-sale outlets in Asia. By the year 2002, OSIM formed its global business headquarters in Singapore at 65 Ubi Avenue 1. The Business Headquarters Status (BHQ) was awarded to OSIM by The Economic Development Board. In 1993, the company opened its first concept shop in Shanghai, in the Peoples Republic of China. Currently, OSIM operates about 1,100 outlets in more 30 countries worldwide. Current/Future Trends Figure 1. 2007 to 2009 Business Performance of OSIM Source: www.ft.com As seen in figure 1, the performance of OSIM is at its peak in the 2nd quarter of 2007. But suffers from continues decline in year 2008 up to the 1st quarter of 2009 due the global recession experienced not only by OSIM but of most businesses around the globe. Despite of the recession, OSIM still devices some strategy that will enhance their business performance. As seen in the presentation, there is also a slight revival of business performance in 2009 and it seems that this trend will continue up to the end of 2010. As recorded in ft.com, OSIM International Ltd (O23:SES) set a new 52-week high during todays trading session when it reached 0.615. Over this period, the share price is up 692.04%. Over the last week OSIM International Ltd (O23:SES) outperformed the Straits Times index.. Competitors As indicated in the company report of OSIM, their primary markets are located in Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan and currently no company poses a significant threat to them as a major competitor (Osim International Ltd. 2009). The company believed that they have the have a competitive edge over their competitors in their primary markets as their extensive distribution network of outlets is dedicated to home health-care products. As part of the business development of the company, they currently exercise the full control over their point-of-sales network and dictate to their distribution chain how to sell and not only what to sell (Osim International Ltd. 2009). Furthermore, OSIM also control their supply chain, from the design of the products up to the distribution and marketing of the products. In general, the company considers Sanyo and Omron as their competitors. Actually, Sanyo is a major electronics company and member of the Fortune 500 whose headquarters is located in Moriguchi, Osaka prefecture, Japan. Sanyo targets the middle of the market and has over 324 offices and plants worldwide. On the other hand, Omron is an old company which was established in 1933 and incorporated in 1948 by Kazuma Tateishi. Similar to Sanyo, Omrons core expertise is the manufacture and sale of automation components, equipment and systems, but it is generally known for medical equipment such as digital thermometers, blood pressure monitors and nebulizers. As seen, these competitors are not directly targeting the market of OSIM which are mostly home health-care products. However, in response to the competitors and in order to handle competitive pressures from manufacturers of low-priced products in the PRC market, the company have developed NORO as a secondary brand to sell lower-priced massage chairs and kneading massagers to the segment of the consumer market which are more sensitive to pricing (Osim International Ltd. 2009). While the barriers to entry into the home health-care products industry are not exorbitant, new entrants may possibly face high start-up costs and needed to compete against established brands. New entrants may also be short of the knowledge of how to sell and where to sell. Thus, the company is convinced that in this industry, strategic marketing and branding are crucial. Furthermore, new entrants might find it more complicated to set up a distribution network. For example, owners of strategic departmental stores and suburban shopping malls usually prefer the more well-established names. In addition, the comparison of financial values can will be discussed in the next secrtion. Ratio Analysis Characteristically, financial measures as well as the affiliations employed in performance depth are designed to stress outcomes with least or no consideration of the decision processes of the manager. The usual or conventional way of performance was based on episodic profitability gauges without the concern to particular variables that drive these measures (Daroca Nourayi, 2002). Performance in the past is mainly based on conventional accounting and measures based on market performance. In particular, these measures include the evaluation on net income, return on equity/capital employed, earnings per share as well as share-price return. Some financial outrages have put corporate governance in the business spotlight. Basically, the issues and interest in the subject corporate finance can be traced back at least to the eighteenth century and economists such as Adam Smith. Certainly, there is probably little new in the existing debate involving to financial negligence, except for the range of the financial and economic consequences which replicate the greater importance of finance in the current economy. As stated previously, the aim of this presentation is to scrutinize the economic and financial context of corporate governance of a home health-care products company i.e. OSIM. It attempts to evaluate the past, current and future situation of this business in terms of the financial reports. Basically, corporate governance has significant impact for the performance of the financial sector and, by addition, the economy as whole. Well-organised resource allocation is supported by strapping shareholder control rights, which assists investment in fresh development actions and confines the scope for corporate over-investment. Actually, investment decisions are further correlated to corporate governance insofar as investors prefer to invest in suitably supervised businesses and be fitting to avoid investing in uncertain environments. In this manner, the investor assertion created by sound corporate governance stipulations and the security of marginal shareholders encourages the financial market progress by encouraging share ownership and capable capital allocation across firms. Transparent financial reporting is necessary to sending efficient corporate governance. For the last several years, the home health-care products industries in Singapore have seen the rapid growth of the number of firms offering financial situation analysis services. This serves as a proof that more and more organisations are realising the importance the analysis of their financial situation in order to keep up with the demands of the business world. Analysis of Information Profitability Ratios As seen in figure 1, the Osim International Ltds 2009 revenues grew revenues 4.40% from 456.66m to 476.77m. This along with an increase in selling, general and administrative costs has contributed to a reduction in net income from a gain of 99.44m to a gain of 23.33m. From the record for 2009, the company actually suffers from profit decline due to the effect of global recession. As seen, their 2007 performance is expressive compared in 2008 or even in 2009. From these results, we can deviate that OSIM was not performing well in 2009 and 2008 as compared to their expressive 2007. Despite of some downturns in 2008 and 2009 due to the global business crisis, the year 2010 shows interesting trend. From the gathered information, it is expected that in 2010 both the revenue and net income of OSIM will be constantly moving upward. Figure 2. Summary of Profitability Ratios (Prices are in SGD) OSIM Sanyo Omron Source: http://www.ft.com From the given situation and results of revenue and net income of OSIM, the company not only needs to evaluate their business strategies but also the political, economic, and cultural factors of their host country i.e. Singapore. It is not whether the business is in a market oriented status or not. The business norms in Singapore have been changing and are becoming more compatible with international codes and norms after a series of economic reforms (Barton, D., Newell, R. Wilson. G. 2002). Given the nature of the Singapore economy and the large potential of the market, doing business with Singapore requires a continuous process of learning, caution for instability, and flexibility to catch opportunities. In terms of gross margin, OSIM surpasses both Sanyo and Omron. Despite of the large market of Sanyo and Omron, OSIM was still performing expressively. Liquidity and Debt Ratios In financial analysis, the balance sheets of company reports conform to the financial ratios (see Appendix for the complete details of balance sheets of OSIM). The purpose of ratios is to find out how profitable the company is, we can calculate if company has enough liquid resources to pay its creditors, employees and finance charges. It is a useful to shareholders to find out their value of shares. Ratios are most powerful and simplest tool to evaluate companys performance and its validity (Riahi-Belkaoui, A 1998). Atril Mclaney (2004) stated that by calculating a relatively small number of ratios, it is often possible to build up a reasonably good picture of the position and performance of a business. Ratios help to highlight the financial strengths and weaknesses of a business, but they can not, by themselves, explain why certain strengths or weaknesses exist, or why certain changes occurred. Just by details investigation will find the reasons. Ratios can be grouped into certain categories; each of them identifies a particular aspect of financial performance or, position. In this part of the paper, well be considering the liquidity ratios and debt ratio of OSIM. Liquidity ratios show how quickly the company can meet its short-term obligations using its current assets (Riahi-Belkaoui, A 1998). The following ratios are needed to determine the status of liquidity of the firm under analysis: Current Ratio; and Quick Ratio Each of them are calculated for OSIM as follows: The current ratio shows the ability of the company to pay its liabilities, i.e. debts and payables during the period (Pike, R Neale, B 1999). It is expressed as: As an alternative to the use of the current ratio, which may include financial statement items that are not easily liquidated and have uncertain liquidation values, the quick ratio does not include inventory in the computation of liquidity (Pike, R Neale, B 1999). In formula: Figure 3. Summary of Liquidity and Debt Ratios OSIM Sanyo Omron Source: http://www.ft.com It is evident in the computations that OSIM was always in good position to meet its short-term debt for the years 2007, 2008 and 2009 compared to 2005 despite of the global crisis. This means that OSIM is always bale to meet their current liabilities using their current assets (cash, inventory, receivables) as compared to both Sanyo and Omron. The figures are not high so as to make the shareholders fear that the assets of the company are not working to grow the business, and not low so as to drive creditors away with respect to the level of risk present. Since quick ratios are perceived as a sign of the companys financial strength or weakness, the figures in the previous table shows the relative stability of the financial strength of OSIM. A higher number would indicate stronger financial performance, and a lower one means weaker performance. Apparently, the high financial leverage ratios of OSIM provide an implication that the organisation is solvent in the long-term. With this regard, the debt ratio shows the OSIMs position to meet its long-term obligation or liabilities. Debt ratios are dependent of the companys classification of long-term leases and other items as long-term debt (Pike, R Neale, B 1999). Pike, R Neale, B 1999, stated that this is the gauge with which the financial strength of a company is a sign of the ratio of capital that has been funded by liability, counting preference shares. A higher debt ratio (which means the company has low equity ratio) does not give the firms creditors the security they require from an organisation (Pike, R Neale, B 1999). The firm would, as a result, find difficulty in raising supplementary financial support coming from outside sources if the firm wishes to take such action. Therefore it reveals that the higher the debt ratio, the harder it is for the company to raise funds from the outside. Market Share For the recorded 2007-2009 business performance of OSIM Holdings Limited, the company generated a worldwide group turnover of around SGD 477 million. This is an expressive market share in global home health-care products business. In Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan which is OSIMs largest markets, their combined domestic sales accounted for 85.6 per cent. of their Groups revenues. In Singapore, IPS Brothers Enterprise Pte Ltd and Goh Joo Hin Pte Ltd market akin home health-care products under the brands of Oto and Lifestyle respectively (Osim International Ltd. 2009). In Hong Kong, National and Omron are OSIMs competitors. In Taiwan, there are many retailers in the home health-care products industry and OSIM do not consider any company as a major competitor to them (Osim International Ltd. 2009). Actually, the claim of OSIM is valid since there are no published statistics or official sources of information on companies engaged in the retail and distribution of home health-care products in their primary markets, thus, the company are unable to determine their market share. However, the company assumed that they are one of the leaders in Asia in this business based on 2 market surveys in 1999 which they had commissioned international survey firms, The Gallup Organisation and ACNielsen (China) Ltd (ACNielsen), to undertake to determine their market positions in Singapore and Hong Kong respectively. The Gallup Organisations survey revealed that in Singapore, OSIM is the number 1 brand for electronic home health-care products when compared to other brands like National, Omron, Oto and Lifestyle, in terms of the following (Osim International Ltd. 2009): brand awareness market share perceived image in terms of quality, trustworthiness, brand preference, technology, designs and features, range of products, customer service and value for money. On the other hand, the ACNielsens survey revealed that in Hong Kong, OSIM was also number 1 in terms of overall brand preference for massage chairs, foot reflexology rollers, pulse massagers and pulse monitors (Osim International Ltd. 2009). Actually, in the ACNielsens survey, OSIM was compared with brands like National, Oto, Sharp and Philips. SWOT Analysis With respect to the given information in the company website, the following presentation will show the SWOT analysis of OSIM. Actually, SWOT analysis can provide a framework for identifying and analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat. This can also provide an impetus to analyze a situation and develop suitable strategies and tactics, a basis for assessing core capabilities and competences. Moreover, this can provide the evidence for, and cultural key to change and a stimulus to participation in a group experience. Strengths Wide experience in apparels market as they have been in the business for almost 42 years now, their directors can consider their experience in operating venture as strength. Reasonable price offerings of products and services- since they able to keep their overheads low, this allows them to have better control of their prices. This is considered strength because naturally, people would look for a reasonably-priced place to stay in that equally do not sacrifice service and product quality. Already has developed a good reputation for value for money since they have been operating for great number of years, they already have built a name for themselves, attracting a number of loyal customers along the way. Good industry skills the directors of different divisions of OSIM are natural for the business that they ventured into, both being outgoing and friendly, the most important public relation skills that clients look for. Weaknesses Although, the company has seen much strength, OSIM also encompasses some weaknesses. One of its weaknesses is the declining confidence of some of its shareholders. Even though the group was successful, some of the shareholders are not confident due to the current crisis. The company should create ways to address this weakness. Another weakness of OSIM is their inability to have a system that will enhance their marketing and distribution processes. The advancement of technology nowadays is one of the weaknesses of OSIM. Although the company are now adopting different advance technologies, the room for improvement are still open. Thus, it is suggested for the group to have focus in their research and development department. Actually, the group was expressively dominating in the market of Singapore but with regards to the current global financial crisis, OSIM are dragged by the current condition of the country as seen in their financial ratios. Thus, another form of their weakness is their mutual bond to the economy of Singapore. However, if economic growth grows at a rate greater than inflation, then the total of business earnings should be dragged along as well. Opportunities To increase profitability in the face of increased demand for their business offerings this opportunity came from the social areas in the rise in the number of population and changes to consumer preferences. To better improve business performance due to the presence of more competitors, they have the opportunity to develop the business core competencies so that they can still get ahead of the game. To expand business coverage through excellent management and marketing activities, the OSIM could enlarge the business, not only increase the size of the physical facilities and improve offered amenities, but also to expand market scope, possibly to other countries. Threats Continued increase in the number of competitors. Increase in competition would mean tougher business development. Inability to cope up with modern developments this serves as a serious threat, as the competitors have shown that they have the capacity to include modern technology in their services and products offerings. Aggressive competitors as seen in the current environment of Singapore, there are numerous businesses that offer services and products similar to OSIM. This is, off the bat, the most aggressive competitor that the business has to face for the time being, aggressive with respect to the quality of product and services offerings. Porters Five Forces A Five-Force model (see Figure 4) was conducted in the context of the global cosmetic industry. Despite being a market leader, OSIM is not yet resting on its laurels of success, but instead, continuously innovating and developing their company in order to maintain what it has managed to achieve up to this time. Thus, they have constantly formulated competitive strategies in order to attain this. Forces outside the industry are significant primarily in a relative sense; since outside forces usually affect all firms in the industry, the key is found in the differing abilities of firms to deal with them. The most dominant strategic management paradigm in recent years is known as the strategies model (Fredrickson 1991). The state of competition in an industry, in this case the apparel industry, depends on five basic competitive forces, which will be here. The strength of the competitive forces in an industry determines the degree to which the inflow of investment occurs and drives the return to the free market level, and thus the ability of firms to sustain above-average returns. The underlying structure of an industry, reflected in the strength of the forces, should be distinguishable from the many short-run factors that can affect competition and profitability in a transient way (Porter 1998:3). For instance, variations in the economic environment over the business cycle manipulate the short-run productivity of the retailing industry, as can material deficiencies, strikes, and the like. Even though such factors may have strategic implications, the focal point of the analysis of industry structure is on categorising the basic, fundamental features of the industry rooted in its economics and technology that shape the arena in which competitive strategy must be set (Porter 1998). The five competitive forces suppliers, buyers, competitive rivalry among firms currently in the industry, product substitutes and potential entrants to the industry reveal the fact that the competition in the home health-care goes well further than the already existing business (Davies Lam 2001). Customers, suppliers, substitutes, and potential entrants are all competitors to firms in the industry and may be more or less prominent depending on the particular circumstances (Porter 1998). All five competitive forces mutually establish the amount of industry rivalry and productivity, and the most influential forces are prevailing and becoming decisive in terms of strategy formulation. In OSIMs case, even them who have a very well-built market leadership in the home health-care products industry where entrants have little or no threat will receive small returns on their profits if it has to face a superior quality and lower-cost alternative. Figure 4. Porters Five Forces Model Industry Competitors. In the global business industry, regulatory and technological changes are the main catalysts, making entrenched competitive structures obsolete and mandating the development of new products, new processes, new strategies, and new public policies toward the industry under analysis. Financial centres, in vigorous competition with each other, have undergone further regulatory change in their efforts to capture a greater share of international trade in financial services, even as common efforts at the regional and global level have tried to support safety and soundness and a reasonably level competitive playing field. Basically, there are numerous cosmetic players in the industry, included in the list is OSIM, who strive for market leadership in all their business aspects. As such, the level of industry competition is very stiff and very aggressive. Potential Entrants. Natural barriers to entry in the global apparel industry include the need for capital investment, human resources, and technology and the importance of economies of scale. It also includes the role of contracting costs avoided by a close relationship between the vendor and its client, which in turn is related to the avoidance of opportunistic behaviour by either party. The competitive structure of the industry therefore depends on the degree of potential competition. This represents an application of the contestable markets concept, which suggests that the existence of potential entrants causes existing players to act as if those entrants were already active in the market. Consequently, pricing margins, product quality, and the degree of innovation in this industry exhibits characteristics of intense competition even though the degree of market concentration is in fact quite high. Buyers. Home health-care products have a long historya history rich in product diversity, international scope, and, above all, continuous change and adaptation. These competitive changes have forced adaptations, and in general have improved the level and efficiency offer to clients, thereby increasing transactional volume. Coupled with these, the customers have become informed concerning clothing products that OSIM-like companies offer. They have required that service providers meet their very specific individual needs, therefore showing that clients to this industry have shaped what it is right now. This means, on an overall note, that buyers have a high influence on the workings of the global industry pertaining to home health-care products, as they have the ability to affect it. Suppliers. The suppliers to this industry are mainly the providers of technology and materials in home health-care firms use in the conduct of their businesses. There is an enormous variety of new hard and soft technologies at work within the said industry. Hard technologies include advances in telecommunications, computers, analytics, software tools, and video communications, which are enabling participants to have better information at lower cost; to integrate this information with thinking, communication, and analysis; and, finally, to use the resulting knowledge along with other technologies to distribute services to clients more efficiently, effectively, and economically. Soft technologies, or financial innovation things like, say, the use of derivative instruments such as interest rate and currency swaps often use these hard technologies to rethink the delivery of services. Out of these hard and soft technologies have come the securitisation and globalisation movements so oft en talked about in the press. From the above enumeration, it could be said that suppliers significantly affect the cosmetic industry through their tools of trade. Substitutes. There is a high level of substitutes for the healthy and lifestyle products industry, evidenced by the numerous numbers of major players in the global market. The cost to transfer to another beauty firm is also relatively low, so the substitution rate is pretty high. Conclusion The results of the analysis carried out on performance, financial and marketing indicated very significant effects on business sustainability, even amidst the threats of unrest. Therefore, we could conclude that the business strategies such financial and marketing could still be expected to improve business sustainability faster than average. The review of financial capabilities and resources towards business sustainability revealed very little inconsistencies regarding its strategies. This is coherent with its traditional inside-out approach. However, the need to reconcile both the inside-out and outside-in approaches becomes imperative now for marketing. Moreover, it can be said that OSIM is a company whose financial situation is stable and highly likely to improve in the years to follow. To sustain their development, the company should regularly assess the value of their portfolio of its business. They have to be positioned on fast-growing opportunities, whether geographically or by market segment through choosing to invest in businesses with long-term tail-wind profiles. If the current financial situation carries on consistently, OSIM would well achieve their vision of becoming the leader in their industry and a major player in each of their market segments and key geographical markets. The comparison of the past and present performance helped in bringing out pertinent bits of information which led to the conclusion that the Singapore offices adds value and contributes significantly to the progress of the firm as a whole. References: Atrill, P. McLaney, E. (2004). Financial Accounting for Decision Makers, 4th edn., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Ali, A. (1993). Decision-Making Style, Individualism and Attitudes toward Risk of Arab Executives, International Studies of Management Organisation, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 53+. Barton, D., Newell, R. Wilson. G. (2002). When Is a Good Time to Make Strategic Advances? during a Crisis, of Course. The McKinley Quarterly, pp. 77+ Daroca, F.P. Nourayi, M.M. (1996). Performance Evaluation and Measurement Issues, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 206+. Pike, R. Neale, B. (1999). Corporate Finance and Investment Decision and Strategies, 3rd edn., Pearson Education Limited, England. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (1998). Financial Analysis and the Predictability of Important Economic Events, Quorum Books, Westport, Connecticut. Osim International Ltd. (2009) Company Report. Accessed January 12, 2010 from OSIM Ltd. (2010). About Us. Accessed January 12, 2010 from http://corporate.osim.com

Error Analysis Lab

Error Analysis Lab By: Lab Team 5 Introduction and Background: In the process of learning about the importance of measurement and data processing, lab teams were given prompts to design experiments as well as address the precision, accuracy, and error analysis within the experiment. Lab teams collaborated their data to find similarities and differences within their measurements. Through this process, students learned the importance of the amount of uncertainty as well as the different types of experimental errors that might have caused a margin of difference within the lab teams results.Measurement and data processing is a topic discussed in IB Chemistry SL; it is important within the scientific community as it discusses the reliability of the data presented. Uncertainty is used to determine a range of a value in a measurement or instrument. Uncertainty of an analogue instrument is plus or minus half of the smallest division present; while uncertainty of a digital scale is plus or mi nus the smallest division present. To identify the amount of uncertainty, significant figures (the digits in measurement up to and including the first uncertain digit) are used.Certain rules are used to discover the number of significant figures in a value: * 1-9 are always significant * included zeroes (1009= 4 significant figures) * leading zeroes never count (0. 023= 2 significant figures) * trailing zeroes after the decimal count (1. 9850= 5 significant figures) Experimental errors are the difference between recorded value and generally accepted or literature value. There are two types of experimental errors: random and systematic errors. Random errors are caused by the readability of a measuring instrument, the effects of changes in the surroundings, insufficient data, and observer misinterpretation.Systematic errors are errors that can not be reduced by repeating experiments or careful experimental design. These errors are caused by poor experimental design as well as improper measurement techniques. Accuracy is the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value. The greater the accuracy, the smaller the systematic error. Precision is the reproducibility of the experimental value. The greater precision, the less the random uncertainties. Purpose: Design laboratories based upon ideas of accuracy, precision and error analysis through creating a procedure and addressing the prompts.Materials: * 13. 5 cm x 10 cm sheet of aluminum foil * Ruler * Balance * Laptop * Micrometer * Silver Cube of Unknown Solid * H2O (via sink) * Timer * Thermometer (in degrees Celsius) * 500 sheets of paper * Caliper * 100 mL graduated cylinder * 10 mL graduated cylinder * 25 mL flask Procedures and Methodologies: Station One (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube): 1 Find the height of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 2 Find the length of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. 3 Find the width of the silver cube of unknown solid using the micrometer. Find the mass of the silver cube of unknown solid using the balance. 5 Using the measured length, width and height of the cube of unknown solid, calculate the volume of the cube. 6 Divide the mass of the cube by the volume to find the density of the cube. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density. Station Two (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water): 1 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure out 10 mL of water. 2 Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder. 3 Using the 10 mL graduated cylinder, measure 0. 5 mL of water. Pour the measured water into the 100 mL graduated cylinder, combining with the previously measured 10 mL of water. Station Three (measure the thickness of single sheet of paper and volume of 500 sheets): 1 Measure the height of the stack of paper with the ruler in millimeters (mm). 2 Measure the length of the stack of paper with the ruler in mm. 3 Measure the width of the stack of pap er with the ruler in mm. 4 Calculate the volume of the stack of paper using the ruler’s dimensions in millimeters. 5 Calculate the thickness of one sheet of paper based on the ruler’s dimensions. Divide the height by number of sheets of paper [500 sheets]). 6 Repeat steps 1-5, instead using the caliper for measurements, but still measuring in millimeters. Station Four (calculate the volume of metal cylinder): 1 Using the caliper, measure the height of the cylinder in millimeters. 2 Using the caliper, measure the diameter of the cylinder’s circle in millimeters. 3 Using the volume of a cylinder formula (pi x radius squared x height), calculate the volume of the cylinder. Station Five (Calculate the thickness of aluminum foil): 1 Using a laptop, determine the accepted density for aluminum. Using the electronic balance, measure the mass of the sheet of aluminum foil. 3 Divide the mass by the accepted density to determine the volume. 4 Using the ruler, measure the d imensions (length x width) of the sheet of aluminium. 5 Divide the volume by the dimensions of the aluminum to determine the thickness. Station Six (Measure the temperature of the sink water for 120 seconds): 1 Turn hot water knob on. 2 Hold thermometer under running water. 3 Record temperature at 60 seconds. 4 Record temperature at 90 seconds. 5 Record temperature at 120 seconds. 6 Remove thermometer from water.Station Seven (Determine the circumference, density, and identity of wire): 1 Using the micrometer, find the diameter of the of the wire 2 Multiply the diameter by pi (3. 14) to find the circumference of the wire 3 Using the ruler, find the length of the wire 4 Using the balance, find the mass of the wire 5 Multiply the circumference and the height of the wire to determine the volume 6 Divide mass by volume, to determine the density of the wire. 7 Using the laptop, identify the type of metal based on the density Data Collection: Station One- The results from measuring the vo lume, mass, and density of a unknown cube .Using the density, the lab teams were able to identify the unknown cube. Group| Data| 1| volume=530 +- . 15mm3, mass= 7. 1+-. 05g, density=0. 12+-. 011gmm-3, lead| 2| volume=653+-. 01mm3, mass=7. 1+-. 1g, density=0. 01gmm-3, lead| 3| volume=580+-100mm3, mass 7. 14+-0. 001g, density= 0. 012gmm-3, lead| 4| volume=748+-0. 005mm3, mass= 7. 13g, density=0. 0009gmm-3, lead| 5| volume=727+-1mm3, mass=7. 14+-. 01g, density= . 01gmm-3, lead| 6| volume=621+-0. 05mm3, mass= 7. 15+-0. 01g, density=0. 0115gmm-3, lead| Station Two- Using the different graduated cylinders, lab teams measured out 10. 5 mL of water. Group| Data| 1| 10. +-. 5mL| 2| 10. 5+-. 1mL| 3| 10. 5+-. 05mL| 4| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 5| 10. 5+-. 5mL| 6| 10. 5+-. 5mL| Station Three- Provided with a ruler and micrometer, teams found the thickness of a single sheet of paper and the volume of 500 sheets of paper. Group| Data| 1| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=2950cm3| 2| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=6. 0cm3 | 3| thickness=0. 01cm, volume=3100cm3| 4| thickness=0. 0096cm, volume= 2900cm3| 5| thickness= 0. 01cm, volume= 3100cm3| 6| thickness= 0. 0098cm, volume=2950cm3| Station Four- Given a metal caliper, students were asked to find the volume of a cylinder. Group| Data| 1| volume= 39+-2cm3| 2| volume= 38. +-2cm3| 3| volume= 63+-4. 9cm3| 4| volume=39+-2 cm3| 5| volume=41+- 1cm3| 6| volume= 38. 8+-. 1cm3| Station Five- Students calculated the thickness of a piece of aluminum foil using a balance and ruler. Group| Data| 1| 0. 0018+-0. 0002cm| 2| 0. 01646+-0. 0002cm| 3| 0. 0017+-0. 00002cm| 4| 0. 0022+-0. 00005cm| 5| 0. 00175+-0. 00005cm| 6| 0. 0018cm| Station Six- Lab teams measured the temperature of sink water over 120 seconds. Group| Data| 1| Start= 23+-. 5C, 60=22+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=22. 5C| 2| Start=21. 0+-. 5C, 60=21. 2+-. 5C, 90=21. 5+-. 5C, 120=21. 7+-. 5C| 3| 60=21+-. 5C, 90=22+-. 5C, 120=23+-. 5C| 4| 23+-. 5C| | 60=29C+-. 5, 90=29+-. 5C, 120=29+-. 5C| 6| Start= 21. 5C, 60= 22C , 90= 22. 25C, 120= 22. 5C| Station Seven- Using a micrometer, balance, and ruler, groups were asked to calculate the circumference, density and discover the identity of a wire. Group| Data| 1| circumference=6. 3+-+. 5mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 0033gmm-3| 2| circumference= 1. 19pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 011gmm-3| 3| circumference= 3. 14mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 4| circumference= 3. 93mm| 5| circumference= 3. 14 mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 13gmm-3| 6| circumference= 1. 23pi mm, identity= copper, density= 0. 307gcm-3|Error Analysis: Station 1 (find volume, mass, and density of an unknown cube) In this particular station, there are no identified outliers. While the mass and density were rather close in value, there was no close range in the measurement of the volume of the unknown cube. This can be seen in the graphs below. Some random errors that may have caused this lack of precision in finding the volume of the unknown cube are misreadings of the instruments, changes in the environment of the experiment, the number of significant figures used, and the experimenter approximating a reading. Station 2 (find a way to measure 10. 5mL of water)In this station, there were two identifies outliers. This included Group 2 and Group 3. They were identified as outliers because of the amount of uncertainty. This two groups had a rather small amount of uncertainty unlike the other four groups with identical amounts of uncertainty. This can be seen in the graph below. The error that would have caused the amount of uncertainty is systematic because water will have clinged to the sides of the graduated cylinder as it was emptying. Another reason it was a systematic error was the fact that too much water could have been added to the graduated cylinder as it was filled.Station 3 There is only one large outlier within this station. In measuring the volume, Group 2 measured the volume to be 6. 0 cm3 while all other groups said the volume was around 3000cm3. This is such a huge gap that it would not be counted as a valuable measurement. Errors that could have occurred in this lab could have been random like the mismeasurement of the volume. The error could have also occurred by the misinterpretation of the question or prompt given. Station 4 The outlier in this station is group 3 with a Station 5 Station 6 Station 7Conclusion and Evaluation: In result of the preformed lab, our team learned the importance of determining error as well as preventing the majority of this error. The large range of results most likely was a result of systematic error. This can be concluded because there were no set directions for each station, and a different procedure could have been used by each lab team. Another source of error can be seen in the difference in sig figs used between groups. Random error most likely was a result of the unfamiliar tools that were used for the first time by many students.